English Linguistics:An Introduction 英语语言学概论
(王永强 支永碧)
Chapter One language
•1 What is language?
•2 What are the features of language?
•3 What are the functions of language?
The definition of language
•Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.语言是用于人类交际的任意性的发音的符号系统。
•First ，language is a system: sound ,words, rules, meanings
Eatr是什么意思lements of language are combined according to rules. Every language contains a s
et of rules. By system ，we mean the recurring patterns or arrangement or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. The sounds and the words which form ntences are ud in fixed patterns that speakers of a language can understand each other. It is becau every language has its system that it conveys the same meaning to its speakers. 语言的元素组合根据规则。每一种语言包含一组规则。通过系统中,即我们所指的语言运用中反复出现的模式或安排或特定的方式或识别。组成句子的声音和单词是用于固定模式,某种语言的人可以相互理解。也就是说英文情书因为每一种语言都有其系统,它传达了使用者的相同含义。silas
•Arbitrary(任意的):no logical or intrinsic connection（无逻辑的固有的联系）; homophone(同形异义词 e/a, to /too), synonym(同义词, beautiful, pretty)
•Symbol: words are symbols fixed by convention, Lg is conventional（单词是按惯例固定的符号，语言是约定俗成的）; “A ro by any other name would smell as sweet” by Shakespeare.
•phaVocal(声音的): speech/writing: Lg is primarily vocal, condly writing: the fact that successor
children acquire spoken language before they are able to read or write .儿童在读写前先学会讲话。
•Human: Lg is possd only by human beings .systems of animal communication can only indicate simple things such as source of food and express simple emotions such anger or happiness， but human language can express very complex ideas such as theory devising and hypothesis making.语言只有人类具有，动物的交流体系只能表示简单事物和情感，但是人类语言可以表达非常复杂的想法比如理论发明和做假设。
•Communication: language is a unique system of communication. it is the cement of society. It allows people to live，work and play together ，to tell the truth or to tell lies. 语言是一种独特的交流系统，是社会的巩固。它可以….
1.2 Design features of human Lg（识别性特征）
Design features refer to以下都省略这个词the defining properties of human lg that di
stinguish it from any animal system of communication. 识别性特征是人类语言区别于任何动物的语言系统的定义特征
1 Productivity or Creativity(能产性,创造性): the ability that people have in making and understanding indefinitely large number of ntences in their native lg, including ntences they have never heard before. 能产性是指人们在本土语言中创造和理解大量无限的包括从未听过的句子的能力cisco是什么.
2 Discreteness（离散性）: the phenomenon that the sounds in a lg are meaningfully distinct and specific, 离散性是指语言中的声音是有明显和特别意义的现象。
•Separated 区分: put/but; fit/hit; book/boot
3 displacement(位移性):the human Lg can be ud to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its urs. 位移性是指人类的语言可以用来谈论并不在说话者眼前的事情。
4, Arbitrariness（任意性）：the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 任意性是指一个语言形式和其意义间没有理据关系的现象
四级各部分分值多少no logical relation between form and meaning.形态和意义间无逻辑关系
Even onomatopoeic words is Lg specific: bang, quackquack, cuckoo除了拟声词
5 Cultural transmission(文化传递性): the fact that lg is culturally transmitted.文化传递性指出语言是文化传递的事实。
Lg is pasd on from one generation to another by teaching and learning, rather than inheritance(遗传). 语言是通过教学和学习而不是继承地从一代传到另一代的.
LAD(Language Acquisition Device)(语言习得机制): the special ability that enables the child to learn any Lg expod to him.即孩子学习任何他所接触到的语言的特别的能力,
6. Duality or double articulation(结构二重性): the organization of lg into two levels ，one of sounds ，the other of meaning .结构二重性是指语言结构分两个层次,一个声音层次，一个意义层次（sound level 、meaning level）
7. Interchangeability(互换性): any human beings can be both a producer and a receiver of messages;人类既可以是语言的发出者又可以是接收者. listener and speaker.
总结:语言的识别性特征分为： productivity; discreteness; displacement; arbitrariness; cultural transmission; duality or double articulation and interchangeability.七年级上册英语期末
Lg is a tool of human communication; tool of learning about the world, tool of creating art (Wang Gang)王刚说语言是人类交流的工具，是学习世界的工具，是创造艺术的工具
1.3 Functions of human lg（语言的功能）
The ven functions for children by M.A.K. Halliday:英国语言学家韩礼德认为幼儿语言有七大功能。
1. instrumental（工具功能）: the fact that lg allows speakers to get things done. 说话人可以使用语言做事情.
get things done: pass me the salt, I name this ship Liberty Bell, I pronounce you husband and wife
mineral2. regulatory(调节功能）：lg ud in an attempt to control events once they happen.语言可以试图控制事件一旦它们发生.
regulate the behaviours and encounters among people.调节人类行为和人们之间的接触
3. reprentational(表现功能）：the u of lg to communicate knowledge about the world，
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to report events ，to make statements，to give accounts，to explain relationships ，to relay messages and so on. 语言可用来传达知识、汇报事件、进行陈述、说明、解释关系、传递信息等。
