英语写作第四讲-第五讲
第四讲体裁篇
paragliding本讲主要内容：论说⽂、图表作⽂、应⽤⽂的写作⽅法与技巧
记叙⽂、描写⽂、说明⽂的写作⽅法与技巧
历年四级作⽂各体裁考试情况统计
1、应⽤⽂（7考）：⼝头作⽂（2考）、书信作⽂（5考）
2、论说⽂（26考）：提纲作⽂（23考）、图表作⽂（2考）
3、段⾸句作⽂：4考
论说⽂
完整的论说⽂有论点、论据和论证三⼤要素，因此，论说⽂写作通常按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题三个步骤进⾏。论点要正确，否则观点错误将直接导致整篇⽂章的失败。在选择论据时，应考虑1）是否有充分的说服⼒，2）是否紧扣论点，3）是否具有典型性或代表性。论证⽅法可以采⽤归纳法、演绎法
或驳论法。
英标读音表⼀．对⽴观点型论说⽂结构模式
1．引出话题----- ⼀种观点认为…..--- 另⼀种观点认为……我的观点(结论)
2. 引出话题(⼀种情况)----- ⼀种观点认为…..--- 另⼀种观点认为……我的态度(结论)
考⽣在⽐较阐述两个不同的观点时，要有⾃⼰的观点倾向.对⾃⼰赞同的观点可以少花些笔墨，以便⼤表达⾃⼰的观点时还有话可说；对⾃⼰反对的观点可以多花笔墨进⾏驳斥.如果提纲所列的两个观点都不同意，在评论这两个观点时可以平分笔墨.考⽣在⽂章的最后表明⾃⼰的态度或看法时，如果看法与⽂章前⾯的某种观点相同或相近并且需要论述理由时，切忌重复前⾯提到的论据.考⽣在打腹稿时要考虑合理分配论据.
sherry怎么读
对⽴观点型论说⽂常⽤句型(可背诵，供写作时模仿)
点明主题常⽤的句式
1．… has become a hot topic among people recently. Opinions vary from person to person.
2. There is an argument /much disagreement /no connsus of opinions among people concerning /over /as to /on…
3. Nowadays, people are divided on the question as to whether…
4. Different people have different views /perspectives on….
5. When being asked about …. Different people will offer different answers.
6. There is a public debate/discussion /controversy today about the problem of …
7. The issue of whether or not… has been widely argued /debated currently.
具体介绍两种对⽴观点的常⽤句式
1．Some people suggest /maintain /hold the opinion that…/ But /However/ While/ Nevertheless/Yet other people hold a different point of view…
2．Some people are inclined to think that… On the contrary/ In contrast, there are still many people who won’t agree, and they claim…
3．When it comes to … some people think/believe that… while others argue/ claim that the opposite/ rever is true.
4．Tho who criticize /oppo to /object to…argue that…But people who advocate /favor…, on the other hand, maintain/asrt that…
1.Now it is commonly /generally/ widely/universally thought/ accepted/believed /held that …. But I wonder/ doubt whether…
2.To the general public / popular mind, … But despite/ in spite of / … I still believe ….
3.Nowadays, an overwhelming majority of people think that …Nevertheless, there are still some people of the opinion that…
陈述⾃⼰观点的常⽤句式
1．For my part/ As to me/ As far as I am concerned, I’d like to agree to the former/ my favor goes to the first view.
2．I agree to the latter opinion to some extent.
3．I’ m in favor of …/ I’ m on the side of …
4．In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we… we should take into consideration all aspects of the problems and then make the right decision.
5．There is probably some truth in both arguments/ statements, but…
⼆．问题解决型论说⽂结构模式
1．描述情况（问题）……分析原因……我的对策或看法
2. 提出问题……分析各种解决⽅法……结论
考⽣在动笔之前，应仔细阅读提纲，弄清楚作⽂各段内容的要求，从⽽避免出现只分析了问题产⽣的原因，却忘了提出解决问题的对策的情况; 还要避免错误地将分析解决问题的⽅法理解成为分析问题产⽣的原因.
考⽣在提出解决问题的⽅案时，切记要将⽅案和前⼀段中问题产⽣的原因相呼应，这样整篇⽂章才会显得结构紧凑，有理有据.
在列举数个原因或对策时，切忌杂乱⽆章.可以⽤firstly, condly, furthermore, finally 等连词来保证整段⽂章的结构连贯性和条理性.
问题解决型论说⽂常⽤句型(可背诵，供写作时模仿)
引出话题的常⽤句式
1. Nowadays, …has become a problem we have to face.
2. Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about the problem…
3. Although… has brought convenience to us, many people have begun to realize that it is the source of trouble as well.
4. Recently, the ri in the phenomenon of … has drawn / aroud/ captured worldwide attention.
5. Recently, the issue/ problem/ question of… has been brought into focus/ brought to public attention/pod among public attention.
6. In recent years, many cities/ nations/people have been faced /troubled with the rious problem of….
7. With the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.
8. Nowadays more and more people come to realize/be aware of the importance of….
9. Thanks to China’s reform and opening-up policy, the past two decades have witnesd great economic development and social transformation.
10. With the rapid/ amazing/fantastic development /growth/improvement of economy, great changes have taken place in….
11. One of the urgent /pressing problems /issues we are confronted with is that…
12. It is undeniable / There is no denying the fact that…has become the utmost concern among people nowadays.
13. Once in a newspaper, I hit upon/came across a reporter that ….
分析原因的常⽤句式
1. Here are many /veral /a number of/ a variety of reasons for it. First…. Second… Finally….
2. The reasons can be listed as follows. For one thing, … For another…
3. What has possibly contributed to this problem? In the first place… In the cond place….
4. Perhaps the main /primary/ most important reason is …
5. … is also /partly/ solely/ chiefly responsible for the problem.
6. It is no easy job to identify the reason for… which involves veral complicated factors. For some… For others…
7. A number of factors could account for/ lead to/contribute to/result in/ be conductive to…
8. This problem may result from/ be attributable to/ be largely due to/ stem from a combination of factors.
9. The explanation for this phenomenon involves many complex reasons. For one thing,… For another…
10. Some people may think that … is to blame for this problem, but its caus go still/ far deeper.
11. It will exert a far-reaching /profound impact/ influence/ effect on…
12. Admittedly, it may create /give ri to /bring about a host of problems.
13. There are a variety of reasons for this phenomenon.
提出解决⽅法的常⽤句式
1. The first key factor to solve this problem is … Another key factor is…
2. People have found many solutions / approaches to dealing with this problem.
3. We can figure out many ways to relieve the prent crisis.
4. Then, how should we solve this problem? Here are some suggestions, which may be of some help.
5. Faced with.., we should take a rious of effective measures to cope with the situation.
6. It is high time that…. Here are a few examples of some of the measures that might be taken immediately.
7. Obviously, if we ignore/ are blind to this problem, the chances are that/ it is most likely that/ there is every chance that … will be put in jeopardy.
8. We need to take a fresh/ clear look at this matter/ situation in a new perspective/ from a wider standpoint. Otherwi, we won’t come anywhere near solving it.
9. It is esntial/ indispensable that proper actions/ effective measures should be taken to rever this situation/trend.
10. It is hoped/ suggested that considerable/great efforts should be directed to/focus on…
11. There is no easy/immediate solution/ approach to the issue of…, but… might be beneficial/ helpful.
12. No effective/ simple solution can be at hand/ in sight to resolve/ tackle the problem of…But the general awareness of the importance of… might be the first step in the right direction.
三. 说明利弊型论说⽂结构模式
描述某⼀现象(事物)……分析其优点……分析其缺点……我的态度或看法
写作要领: 在分别说明某⼀现象(事物)的优点或缺点时，切忌凌乱,⼀定要有条理.可以使⽤⼀些过渡词或词组，如firstly, condly, finally; For one thing,… for another,…在⽂章最后⼀段表明⾃⼰的态度或看法时，考⽣最好给出相应的理由或者提出更好的⽅法以减少某现象(事物)可能带来的负⾯效应.
说明利弊型论说⽂常⽤句型(可背诵，供写作时模仿)
说明事物优点的常⽤句式
1. There are veral advantages in/of .. The first/ biggest advantages is that…
2. Nothing / Few things can equal/ match with / be compared with … in terms of…
3. For all/ In spite of / Despite the disadvantages/ side effects, it has its compensating advantages/ beneficial effects.
4…. has a positive impact/ influence/ effect on people’s lives.
5…. is playing an increasingly important role in people’s lives.
说明事物缺点的常⽤句式
1. However, …, just like anything el, has its negative side as well.
2. Of cour, the disadvantages can not be ignored.
3. However, it still has some drawbacks.
4. However, just as everything has two sides, … also has many disadvantages.
5. However, may also cau/ bring about/lead to /result in/contribute to some problems.
6. However, it’s often blamed for its obvious defects.
7. Everything has two sides,… is no exception.
8. As the proverb goes, every coin has its two sides/ no garden without its weeds/ every medal has its rever….is no exception.
9. However, the negative aspects are also apparent/ obvious/evident. To begin with,…To make matters wor, ... Worst of all,…
10.The side effects…has exerted on human beings can be boiled down to veral major ones as foll
ows. First,…Second,… In addition,…
说明事物利⼤于弊的常⽤句式
1. As to me, I think the advantages outweigh/ carry more weight than the disadvantages.
2. Anyway, I still believe … has more advantages than disadvantages.
3. But for me, I think what is more important is its positive side.
4. The advantages of/ derived from… far outweigh/ are much greater than the disadvantages/ problems… entails.
四. 阐述主题型论说⽂的结构模式
1) 格⾔成语: 揭⽰蕴意…..以例证展开论证…..结论(号召或建议)
2) ⼀种现象…. 分析其中原因……我的看法(前景预测或评价)
3) 引出主题…..我的观点…..总论
考⽣在举例说明谚语或格⾔所包含的道理时，要保证例证的说服⼒，以及多个例证的有机连接时，切忌简单地罗列⼏个简单的例⼦.⼀般最重要、典型的例⼦放在最前⾯以引起读者的兴趣。
写作模板
1．Argumentation型题
1）some, others, I 型
（1）模板⼀
There is no connsus among the people as to the view of _________ (主题). Some people hold the idea that _______________________ (观点A). A ca in point is that
_______________________ (⽀持观点A的例⼦).
On the other hand, others may have a quite different view. According to them, ________________________ (观点B). The most typical example is that _________________________ (⽀持观点B 的例⼦).
Weighing the pros and cons of the arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Admittedly, the former point of view ems reasonable in saying to some extent, but the latter is more convincing.
（2）模板⼆
___________ (主题) is a common occurrence in our lives. The attitudes toward this issue vary from person to person. Some people tend to ______________ when they are asked
_________________ (观点A) becau _______________________ (⽀持观点A的原因). The most typical example is that ____________________________ (⽀持观点A的例⼦).
However, others argue that ________________________ (观点B). They point out that _______________________ (重申观点B) for the reason that _______________ (⽀持观点B的原因).
As far as I am concerned, I will choo to __________________ (你的观点) becau this choice fits my personality and my life-long belief.
2）My View 型
（1）模板⼀
When asked about ______________ (主题), some people hold the idea that _________________________ (观点A). As far as they are concerned, _________________________ (展开观点A). But I could not agree with them in veral points. In my opinion, ______________________________ (观点B). The reasons for my choice are listed as follows.
In the first place, ___________________________ (⽀持观点B 的理由1). In the cond place, ______________________________ (⽀持观点B 的理由2). In the third place, _________________ (⽀持观点B 的理由3).
aitaiFor the reasons mentioned above, I firmly believe ____________ (重申观点B).
the idea that ______________________________ (⽀持观点A 的例⼦). And it may bring them
_____________________________ (A 带给他们的好处).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing, _________________________ (我不同意的理由1). For another, _____________________________ (我不同意的理由2). As a matter of fact, there are some other re
asons to explain my choice. For me, I agree to the thought that ______________________________ (重申⾃⼰的观点).
3）利弊型
（1）模板⼀
Nowadays many people prefer __________ (主题) becau it plays a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be en as follows. On the one hand, ________________ (主题的优点1). On the other hand, ___________________ (主题的优点2).
But everything can be divided into two. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ___________________ (主题的缺点1). To make matters wor,
__________________________ (主题的缺点2).
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects far outweigh its negative aspects. Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, ________ (主题) itlf is neither good nor bad. It is the us to which it is put that determine its value to our society.
功夫不负有心人英文（2）模板⼆
With the development of science and human civilization, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality. Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful.
The phenomenon of ___________ (主题现象) is an example of the former / latter one.
There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous
aspects. To start with, ________________________________ (原因1). Furthermore,
____________________________________ (原因2). Eventually,
______________________________________ (原因3).
Good as ____________ (主题现象) is, it has, unfortunately, its disadvantages. The apparent example is that _______________________________ (缺点例⼦1). In addition,
________________________________________ (缺点例⼦2).
On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of the progress of the modern society. There is still a long way for us to improve / eliminate __________ (主题现象) and make our life more comfortable.
万能句型
1）⽤于⽂章开头的语句 1. with Faced to comes it When about asked When ..., most/many people believe that ..., but other people ???y.differentl it consider ... as ... regard 2. When it comes to ..., people's opinions differ. Some hold the opinion that ..., while others claim that ... 3. There is no connsus of opinions among people as to the出厂价英文
idea view role of .... Some people claim that ..., while others
believe that .... 4. There is a general discussion today about the problem issue of .... Tho who criticize ... argue that .... They believe
that ... But people who advocate ..., on the other hand, argue that ....
5. Most people are of the opinion that .... But I personally believe that ....
6. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that ....
7. Now, it is generally acknowledged that ..., but I doubt whether ....
真题回顾
1．1999年6⽉全国⼤学英语四六级考试作⽂题（对⽴观点型论说⽂，另有1992.1, 1995.1,1998.6, 2000.6作⽂均属此类）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively Or Extensively? You should write at least 100 words，and ba your composition on the outline (given in Chine) below:
1. 有⼈认为读书要有选择
2. 有⼈认为应当博览群书
3. 我的看法
范⽂：
Reading Selectively or Extensively?
When it comes to the issue of reading lectively or extensively, different people have different opinions. It is held by some people that one should read lectively. But it is also believed by other people that one should read extensively.
Tho who hold the first opinion think that one’s time and energy are limited and one can never read as many books as he wishes. In contrast, tho who hold the cond view think that to know the world from all perspectives one should absorb a variety of knowledge by reading extensively.
As to me, I agree with the former opinion. Admittedly, one can absorb more knowledge by reading extensively, but it doesn’t follow that one should read without discrimination. As one’s time and energy are limited, one should devote his limited time and energy to reading relevant and beneficial books. It’s a waste time to read irrelevant books. Furthermore, some books are harmful to one’s mind. If we don’t read books lectively, we will be led astray by harmful books.
2.1996年6⽉全国⼤学英语四六级考试作⽂题（问题解决型论说⽂，另有1992.6,1997.6,2000.1,2001.1作⽂均属此类）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Global Shortage of Fresh Water. You should write at least 100 words and you should ba your composition on the outline (given in Chine) below:
1. ⼈们以为淡⽔是取之不尽的(提⽰：⾬⽔、河⽔、井⽔......)
2. 实际上淡⽔是⾮常紧缺的(提⽰：⼈⼝增加，⼯业⽤⽔增加，污染......)
3. 我们应该怎么办
范⽂：
Global Shortage of Fresh Water
Many people believe that the world’s suppl y of fresh water will never be ud up. They think that fresh water comes from such a variety of sources that it is always sufficient for u. Such an opinion leads to a shocking waste of water.
As a matter of fact, the earth is short of fresh water. Fu rthermore, with the rapid growth of the world’s population, the rising demand for water by industry, and the rious pollution of our surroundings, the world is facing the danger of running out of fresh water. Actually, in some big cities, fresh water cannot meet the daily needs.
Therefore, to find new ways to save water is an urgent task. First, we should pass strict laws to control any waste of water. Second, scientists must work even harder to purify a water and polluted water, and try to find substitutes to reduce the u of fresh water.
3．1998年1⽉全国⼤学英语四级考试作⽂题(说明利弊型论说⽂，另有1993.1, 1995.6作⽂均属此类)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 100 words and you should ba your composition on the outline (given in Chine) below:
1. ⽬前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为什么会有这种现象？
2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个⼈、社会等的危害。
范⽂：
Harmfulness of Fake Commodities
In recent years, a lot of fake commodities have appeared in the market. The fake commodities have done great harm to the consumers and the society.
Since the policy of reform was implemented, China’s economy has improved. A lot of people getting richer and their living conditions are getting better. But still some of them are not satisfied. They dream of getting rich overnight and living a heavenly life, which, of cour, is impossible to achieve by fair means. So they risk breaking the law to produce the market take commodities.
Once the fake commodities enter the market, they will do immeasurable harm to the society. The direct victims are the consumers. As the quality of the fake commodities is always very poor, the consumers may suffer great loss. Certain fake commodities, such as food and medicine, will cau irreparable harm to the health and well-being of the consumers. Fake commodities also cut into the profits of the brand-name-owners. Since the fake ones are cheaper, people tend to be reluctant to buy the genuine one
图表作⽂
图表作⽂的命题形式是提供标题、图表，有时还提供段落提纲，要求考⽣通过解读图表，对图表中所隐含的信息进⾏描述、分析、说明，使所写的短⽂在标题规定的内容范围内采⽤对⽐对照的⽅式或反映某种趋势或揭⽰某种现象。图表作⽂实际上是以图表为载体给予情景提⽰，所以可以理解为⼀种特殊形式的情景作⽂，和标准情景作⽂相⽐，在审题时增加了读图的步骤。图表作⽂的命题⽬的并不是简单考查考⽣描述图表表⾯内容的⽔平，⽽更重于测试考⽣分析问题，即对图表深层含义领会挖掘的能⼒及阐述能⼒。
图表⼀般有两种形式，⼀种是统计表，另⼀种是统计图如曲线图、柱形图和饼形图。图表作⽂的体裁以说明⽂和描写⽂为主。
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图表作⽂的写作⽅法
1．仔细观察研究图表内容，包括图表的⽂字说明部分和图表中的具体数据部分，以弄清图表所试图反映的趋势、问题或现象。
2．在充分领会图表信息的基础上，结合标题和其题⽬要求构思⽂章布局。⼀般来说，图表作⽂均可采⽤这样的标准结构：
第⼀段：描写数据的主要趋势，对数据进⾏⽐较分析，总结归纳图表所呈现的主要特征。
第⼆段：分析揭⽰图表表象后⾯的原因。
第三段：下结论
⽤于描写图⽚或数据的语句
1．As we can e from the chart/graph/table/diagram,…
2. The chart/graph/table/diagram displays/illustrates/describes that …
3. The figures/statistics in the chart reflect/show/reveal that …
4. It is clear/apparent from the chart/graph/table/diagram that …
5. In 1990, it incread/decread from ... to ...
6. By comparison with 1998, it decread/incread by…
7. The figure has nearly doubled, with compared that of last year.
⼤学英语四级考试专项辅导作⽂部分 8. It has decread incread almost ????six times twice times half a and two , compared with ... 9. The number is ????half times
celebration 麦当娜4twice as much as that of 1990. 10. It (up) takes for accounts ... percent of the total. 11. The number was ..., than more than less a ????quarter thi rd hal f of the total of 1990. 12．…. had the largest percentage/proportion of 13. On the top of the list is …, which accounts for 60%
14. At the bottom is …, which takes up 20%
15. ….is cond to …,
16 A is ranked/rated first, followed by B at 30% and C at 25%
17. The number of … incread/ro / dropped/declined/fell by ….% from … to …
18. The number of …remained steady/stable at approximately … between … and …
19. The situation/figures reached a peak/high/ bottomed out at …% in …
20. The number soared to a record high of …
模板练习
Direction: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How People Spent Their
1．上图所⽰为了1990年，1995年、2000年某城市⼈们度假⽅式的情况，请描述其变化；
2．请说明发⽣这些变化的原因；
3．得出结论。
范⽂
How People Spent Their Holidays
As can be en from the table, the past decade have witnesd dramatic changes in the way people spent their holiday between 1990 and 2000. In 1990, 63% of people spent their holidays at home, while the figure dropped considerably to 24% in 2000. It is obvious from the table that people tended to be more and more mobile, and they wanted to get entertainment in the outside world. What contributed to the changes? I think the reasons are as follows. To start with, with the rapid development of economy, people earn by far more money than they ud to. Thus, people are able to afford traveling expens. Secondly , People think it important to get well-informed about the outside world in this new ear when everything is on the move. Traveling, of cour, is a sure way to achieve this goal. What ’s more, in this competitive society, people are usually under great stress. However, it is not difficult to find traveling an effective way to relieve people ’s stress and get relaxation. Last but not least , by traveling outside, people are clo to nature, which is not only bene
ficial to both their health and peace of mind.
In conclusion, people prefer to go traveling rather than stay at home during holidays for a combination of reasons. Moreover , it ems that this trend will last in the foreeable future.
真题回顾
2002年6⽉全国⼤学英语四六级考试作⽂题 (1991年6⽉也属此类)
什么是g20
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student U of
Computers. Y ou should write at least 120 words, and ba your composition on the chart and the outline given below:
1.上图所⽰为某校⼤学⽣平均每周使⽤计算机的时间: 1990年(2 hours)、1995年(4 hours)、2002年(14 hours)，请描述其变化；
2. 请说明发⽣这些变化的原因(可从计算机的⽤途、价格或社会发展等⽅⾯加以说明)；
3. 你认为⽬前⼤学⽣在计算机使⽤中有什么困难或问题。
范⽂
Students’ u of Computers
From the chart, we can e clearly that the average number or hours a students spends on the computer per week has incread from less than two hours in 1990 to nearly four hours in 1995, and then to 20 hours in 2000.
This significant growth in the u of computers by students in the 1990s can be attributed to veral factors. Firstly, becau of the social modernization, computer becomes an indispensable tool for students to study and communicate. Today’s society relies heavily on computers for immediate access to the news and for entertainment. Secondly, the fast development of the internet stimulates people to spend more and more hours on computer. What’s more, due to the fierce competition in Hi-tech industry, the price of computer has dropped significantly. It is no longer a luxury but a common ―houhold appliance‖.
However, the increasing u of computers results in some problems and challenges. Some students cannot resist the temptation of some unhealthy information on the internet and are lured by it without lf-control. And some others indulge themlves in computer games so much that they cut class so
often.
评析：相对于统计表来说，柱形图的数据显得⾮常简洁明了。该图的横向坐标为⽇期，纵向坐标为⼤学⽣每周使⽤计算机的时间。写作时要考虑的关键是计算机应⽤与⽇期的关系：随着⽇期的推移，⼤学⽣使⽤计算机的时间越来越多。⽂章第⼀段中对图表的描述⾔简意赅，具有⾼度的概括性，开门见⼭，直⼊主题。⽂章第⼆段采⽤主题句+⽀撑的段落结构，分别采⽤等使论述层次清晰，⼀⽬了然，显⽰了考⽣良好的驾驭英语语⾔的能⼒，反映了考⽣良好的语⾔基本功。第三段⽤将话锋⼀转，指出了当今学⽣使⽤计算机时存在的实际问题。对于本类图表作⽂来说，可以根据题⽬中的提纲把第三点作为整个⽂章的结尾段内容，也可以再单独加⼀个段落作为结论段，如：In a word, what we should do is to u computers wily, that is to say, take advantages computers bring to us and do our utmost to avoid its disadvantages。
写作训练
1．Directions: Write a composition bad on the following graph. The composition should be entitled "Population of a Small Island State."
>2016年5月7日
