语言学复习提纲
其中包括书后习题答案和基于每章提出的问题，期末考试卷分两部分：一、10个名词解释二、10个问题。
第一章
一、解释名词：
Design Features: the distinctive features of human language that esntially make human language distinguishable from language of animals.
Diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time.
Phatic communion: said of talk ud to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact. Competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language.
Parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker.
Function: the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal)
Prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular u of language. Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units
(e.g. words) and meaningless gments (e.g. sounds, letters)
Metalanguage: a language ud for talking about language.
Performance: the language actually ud by people in speaking or writing.
Synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time. Descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and u of a language or variety.
Displacement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation.
Macro linguistics: a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, including psychological, cultural, etc. Language: the language system shared a “speech community”.
二、课后习题
3. Can you think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic?
Bang; bark; roar; howl; buzz; bleat; mew; hiss;
4.
We can’t deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic, we should first know which sound the word imitates. In Chapter One, in order to imitate the noi of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like “murmurous” and “murderous”. They both bear more or less remblance to the genuine natural sound, but “murmurous” is fortunately chon to mean the noi while “murderous” is chon to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.
5. Yes, it is a ca to illustrate non-arbitrariness about word order. When the two parts interchange, the focus and the meaning of the ntence is forced to change, the writer’s original intention is distorted. That is why systemic-functionalists and American functionalists think language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.
6. Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not double-level system. There is only one-to-one relations hip between signs and meaning but the meaning units can’t be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the
there was an apple orchard in which we slid to lect ripe apples that…
8.On the whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For example, nod means “OK/”YES for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying “NO”. Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness becau they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a new born infant.
9. Yes, all human languages are complicated systems of communication. It is decided by their shared design features.
10 A dog signals its wish to be let inside the hou by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.
11. 吃了吗？家里都好吧？这是去哪里啊？最近都挺好的？
If someone is sneezing violently, maybe your parents and grandparents may say:” Are you OK?”, “Do you need to e a doctor?”, “Do you need some water?”, “Do you need a handkerchief?” Do you have a cold?” or something like the to show
12. There are many expressions such as to tell you the truth, frankly speaking, as a matter of fact, to be preci, in other words, that is to say.
Such expressions are ud most frequently when we want to expatiate the meaning of former claus in another way in argumentation.
13. (1) The Latin rule is not universal. In English, me is informal and I is felt to be very formal.
(2) Whom is ud in formal speech and in writing; who is more acceptable in informal speech.
(3) Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negatives only make a more
emphatic negative. This ntence is not acceptable in Standard English not becau it is illogical, but becau language changes and rejects this usage now.
14.They are undoubtedly descriptive. Guidelines are not rules that can determine whether a ntenc
e is right or not. The guidelines advi you to avoid the u of particular words that are grammatically correct but offensive to some certain groups. Actually, they describe the way anti-xist advocators speak and write.
17. There are two meanings to ex. (1) a. The chicken meat is too hot. so it can’t be eaten at the moment; b, The chicken feels so hot (maybe after some inten aerobic exercis) that it can’t start eating and needs to calm down first.
The ambiguity of ex. (2) comes from “flying planes”. It can be understood as “the planes that is
flying” or ” to fly planes .”
20. Arbitrariness and conventionality derive from the choice of the subject matter. For example, in the “The proof of the pudding is in the eating.” The word “pudding” is lected arbitrarily, for we can u another word such as chee instead of pudding without changing the associative meaning of the proverb. On the other hand, once such links between particular words and associative meaning are fixed, it becomes a matter of conventionality.
22. Synchronic: 2.4.5
Diachronic: 1.3
三、回答问题：
1．What is language?
atomic kitten
Language is the system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication .
2．What is linguistics?
Linguistics is the scientific study of language .
3. List the design features of language
①Arbitrariness ⑤cultural transmission
②duality ⑥discreteness
③creativity ⑦interchangeability
④displacement ⑧reflexivity
4. List the functions of language
①Informative ④Phatic Communion
②Interpersonal Function ⑤Recreational Function
③Performative ⑥Metalingual Function ⑦Emotive Function
5. What are the branches of linguistics?
傲骨贤妻第六季①Phonetics ④Semantics
②Morphology ⑤Pragmtics
duke③Syntax
6. What are the branches of macro linguistics?
①Psycholinguistics ③Anthropological
②Sociolinguistics ④Computational Linguistics
7. What’s different between descriptive and prescriptive? P19 1.9.1
8. What’s the different between language and parole?
Language: the linguistic competence of the speaker
Parole: actual phenomena or data of linguistics
9. What’s the difference between synchronic and diachronic?
A synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of obrvation.
Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the cour of its history
mgmb10. What’s the difference between competence and performance? P 21 1.9.4
一、解释名词
Phonetics: the study of hoe speech sounds are produced , transmitted, and perceived. It can be divided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and
perceptual/auditory phonetics.
Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds, or the study of how speech
sounds are produced/made.
Phonology: the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the
variations that occur.
Speech organs: tho parts of the human body involved in the production of speech, also known as “vocal organs”.
Manner of articulation: ways in which articulation of consonants can be accomplished---
(a) The articulators may clo off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;
(b) They narrow the space considerably; or
(c) They may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
Place of articulation: the point where an obstruction to the flow of air is made in producing a consonant.
Consonant: a major category of sound gments, produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air can’t escape without producing audible friction. Vowel: a major category of sound gments, produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the noi.
二、回答问题
1.What is difference between phonetics and phonology?
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived.
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language.
2.What are the three aspects of phonetics?
①Articulatory ②acoustic phonetics③perceptual or auditory phonetics
3.Name three cavities in our vocal tract
可恶的英文①The pharynx ②mouth ③no.
4.What are the three states of our vocal fords?
①Apart ②clo together ③totally clod.
5.What’s difference between constants and vowels?
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
有效英文一、解释名词
Morpheme: It is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that can’t be divided in further smaller units without destroying or
drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
Compound: it refers to the words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme or the way to join two parate words to produce a single form, such as classroom, mailbox,
healshow
fingerprint, sunburn.
Inflection: it is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cas to which they are attached. Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be ud when added to another morpheme. Affixes in a language are limited in number, and are generally classifies into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix and infix, depending on their position around the root or stem of a word.
Derivation: it is the most common word-formation process to be found in the production of new English words. It is accomplished by means of a large number of affixes of English
language, and shows the relationship between roots and affixes.
Root: it refers to the ba form of a word that can’t be further analyzed withou t loss of identity.
That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.
Stem: it is any morpheme or combinations of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.jesus
Bound morpheme: it refers to tho which can’t occur alone and must appear with at least one other morpheme.
武汉翻译
Free morpheme: it refers to tho which may occur alone or which may constitute words by themlves.
Grammatical word: It refers to tho which mainly work for constructing group, phra, clau, clau complex, or even text, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and英语陪练专家
pronouns. Grammatical words rve to link together different content parts.
So they are known as Function Words.
Lexical words: It refers to tho which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Lexical words carry the main content
of a language. So lexical words are also known as Content words.
Lexicon: It refers to the whole vocabulary of a language as against grammar of a language.
Clod-class: it is the one who membership is fixed or limited, such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles and others. One can’t easily add or ded uce a new member. Open-class: It is one who membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. When new ideas, inventions, or discoveries emerge, new members are continually and constantly being
added to the lexicon. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class
items.
