Chapter 4: Cultural Diversity In Perception
⏹Understanding Perception
⏹Dominant American Cultural Patterns
⏹Diver Cultural Patterns
Understanding Perception
⏹Culture and Perception
⏹Beliefs
⏹V alues
⏹Culture Patternsindraw
⏹Perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences. or the process by which an individual lects, evaluates, and organizes stimuli from the external world.
Cultural influence on perception
⏹The influence of culture on perception is often reflected in the attributional process. Attribution means that we interpret the meaning of other’s behaviors bad on our past experience or history.
⏹Culture provides an environment for us to develop all the meanings we posss. Thus ,people from different cultures will perceive and interpret others behaviors in different ways
⏹The different attributional process may cau rious misunderstandings美术单招学校
in communication.
⏹Culture and perception
⏹Perception includes two –stage quence.
⏹The first stage is recognition or identification, the cond stage is the interpretation and evaluation.
⏹The result of this process is not the same for all people, becau this process is learned and therefore influenced by all of our past experiences. This fact alone would make communication difficult even between people with similar backgrounds.
⏹In a word, culture provides us with a perceptual lens that greatly influences how we interpret and evaluate what we receive from the outside world.
Examples:
⏹Americans u sually hold that expressing one’s opinion as openly and forcefully as possible is an admirable trait. Hence , someone is perceived as being highly credible if he or she is articulate and outspoken. For the Japane, a person who is quiet and spends more time listening than speaking is more credible becau they regard constant talking as a sign of shallowness.
Beliefs
⏹Beliefs are our convictions in the truth of something---with or without proof.
⏹We simply accept them becau we “know they are true.” “ To kn ow is not to prove, nor to explain.”
⏹In other words, as we grow up in a culture, that culture conditions us to believe what it deems to be worthy and true.
V alues
V alues are enduring attitudes about the preference of one belief over another.
⏹V alues are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
活该的英文
⏹The “rules” are normative and teach us what is uful, good, right, wrong, what to strive for, how to live our life, and even what to die for. Our values get translated into action.
Dominant American Cultural Patterns
⏹Individualism
⏹Equality
⏹Materialism
⏹Science and technology
春节快乐 英文⏹Progress and change
⏹Activity and Work
Individualism
⏹Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties英语三级b成绩查询
originate in individuals.
⏹It emphasizes individual initiative ( “ Pull yourlf up by your own boot straps”,
⏹independence( “Do your own thing”),
memorialday⏹individual expression (“The squeaky wheel gets the grea”),
⏹and even privacy( “A man’s home is his castle”).
⏹Anybody who is any good is different than anybody el.
⏹Most Americans believe that each person has his or her own parate identity, which should be recognized and reinforced.
Equality
⏹Equality which is empha sized in everything from government (“All men are created equal”) to soci
al relationships ( Just call me by my first name”). Americans believe that all people have a right to succeed in life and that the state, through laws and educational opportunities, should ensure that right.
Materialism
⏹For most Americans, Materialism has always been an integral part of life. They consider it almost a right to be materially well off and physically comfortable, and often judge people by their material posssions.
Science and T echnology
Americans value science and technology quite highly, believing that
they are the major tools for understanding and improving life, nature, and even themlves.
⏹They hold science in great awe and believe that nothing is impossible when scientists, engineers, and inventors put their minds to a task or problem.英语教育格言
Western cultures have long believed that all questions can be answered through science. Westerner
冷静英语s tend to prize objectivity, empirical evidence, and concreteness, which , as we shall e in later, often clash with the values of subjectivity and intuition in other cultures.
⏹Activity and Work
⏹For most Americans , work is a desired and desirable expenditure of energy, a means of controlling and expressing strong affective states, and an avenue to recognition, money, or power.
⏹Americans are humanitarian and charitable to tho whom they perceive as derving assistance, they look with displeasure and intolerance upon anyone who can work but does not.
⏹A major reward of hard work, and an important American value, is leisure. For Americans , play is something they have earned. It is relief from the regularity of work, it is in play that they find real joy. Progress and Change
So strong is the belief in progress and change that Americans ldom fear taking chances or staking out new and exciting territories. Their beliefs
and attitudes produce a certain mind-t and a wide range of behavior patterns.
蜕变的英文
V arious aspects of this orientation are optimism, receptivity to change, emphasis upon the future rather than the past or prent, faith in an ability to control all phas of life , and confidence in the perceptual ability of the common person.
Diver Cultural Patterns
Hofstede’s V alue Dimensions
⏹Hofstede has identified four value dimensions that have a significant impact on behavior in all cultures. The dimensions are individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity.
Individualism-Collectivism
⏹A: Individualism-Collectivism
⏹Individualism: Peo ple’s personal goal take priority over their allegiance to groups like the family or the employer. The loyalty of individualists to a given group and are apt to change their membership as it suits them, switching churches, or leaving one employer for another.
色拉英语乐园
⏹In cultures that tend toward individualism, an “I” consciousness prevails: competition rather than cooperation is encouraged.
⏹Collectivism:is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups. People count on their
