定义：
1.What is linguistics（语言学）？
Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a major branch of social science. It is a science in the n that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human language. Linguistics studies not just one language of any society, but the language of all human society, language in general.
2. Main branches (芝加哥公牛英文scope) of linguistics
Phonetics(语音学)─ the study of human speech sound;
Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds ud in all human languages; it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received. It aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.
Phonology(音位学)---the study of how speech sounds function in a language, the study of sound patterns;
Phonology, on the other hand, is esntially the description of the systemsionic and patterns of speech sounds. It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how the sounds are ud to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
Phonology is concerned with the abstract and mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.
Morphology(形态学男士英文名)─the study of the formation of words;
3. Syntax (句法学)- the study of ntence structure, the arrangements of words;
4.Semantics(语义学)─the study of meaning (of words, of ntences).绕口令英语
5. pragmatics(口语翻译语用学)-the study of language in u.
简答题：
What is the prescriptive approach and the descriptive approach?
Descriptive（描述性） vs. Prescriptive （规定性）
Descriptive: describing how things are.
Prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
Phra Structure---Tree diagram
Word-level | Phrasal |
N=noun A=adjective V=verb P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction | NP=noun phra AP=adjective phra VP=verb phra PP=preposition phra S=ntence or clau |
| |
Meaning is studied by making detailed analys of the way words and ntences are ud in specific contexts.
Reference（指称）: how language refers to the real physical world (语言指代外部物质世界)
Sen（涵义）: inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. (语言形式的内在意义)
The theory of meaning as concept suggests that any particular sound of image is psychologically associated with a particular concept. So when the word chair is spoken, t
he concept of chair is formed in the mind of the hearer. Every one of us who knows the wordor expression has a concept or idea in his mind (associated with it). Ogden and Richards suggested a model---- mantic triangle illustrating the view of meaning as concept. According to this view, there is no direct link between symbol and referent, the link is via thought and concept in our minds.
意义的类型：
According to G. Leech ，there are ven types of meaning: conceptual, connotative, social, affective, reflective, collocative and thematic meanings.
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Conceptual meaning 粉饰(概念意义）
Connotative meaning（内涵意义）
忘记英文Affective meaning (情感意义）
Collocative meaning（搭配意义）
句子分类：
Simple ntence 简单句boston celticsCoordinate ntence 并列句Complex ntence 英语b级成绩查询复杂句
