Diction（选词法）
Choice of Affective Meanings（选择情感意义）
Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader. You may address somebody as an “idiot” to convey your despi, or describe something as “marvelous” to express your positive evaluation. There are basically three types of affective meanings: positive (褒义), neutral (中性), and derogatory (贬义).
Positive | Neutral 计算机专业考研方向 | Derogatory |
portly (发福的) | overweight (超重的) | obe (臃肿的) |
slender, slim (苗条的) | underweight (体重不够的) | skinny (瘦削的) |
吃一堑长一智英文nior, elder (长者) | old man/woman (老人) | fossil (老朽) |
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Some words when ud in different contexts may have different affective meanings. In translating, it is significant to determine the implications of the words according to the context.
Words | Positive | Neutral | Derogatory |
death | 仙逝，长眠 | 死，死亡 | 一命呜呼，见鬼 |
result | 成果 | 结果 | 后果 |
ambition | bauhiniatight雄心，抱负 | 志向，强烈欲望 | 野心 |
scheme | | 计划，规划，方案 | 阴谋，诡计，计谋 |
凯蒂派瑞collaborate | | 合作，协作 | 与敌勾结，通敌 |
discrimination | 辨别力，识别力，鉴赏力 | 不一视同仁 | 歧视 |
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1. individualism: ① feeling or behaviour of a person who likes to do things his/her own way, regardless of what other people do; ② theory that favours free action and complete liberty of belief for each individual person (contrasted with the theory that favours the supremacy of the state); (OALD 2002:758) ③ the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society (he loves you soLDCE 1998:776).
个人主义: 一切从个人出发，把个人利益放在集体利益之上，只顾自己，不顾别人的错误思想。个人主义是生产资料私有制的产物，是资产阶级世界观的核心。它的表现形式是多方面的，如个人英雄主义、自由主义、本位主义等（《现代汉语词典》2002：656）。wcg是什么意思
Therefore, individualism（中性词）≠ 个人主义（贬义词）≈ 个体主义
2. liberalism: liberal opinions or principles, esp. with regard to social and political matters; liberal: ①willing to understand and respect the ideas and feelings of others; ②supporting or allowing some change, e.g. in political or religious affairs; ③encouraging or leading to a wide general knowledge, wide possibilities for lf-expression, and respect for other people’s opinions; ④giving freely and generously; ⑤given freely; large; ⑥neithe
r clo nor very exact (LDCE 1998:873).
自由主义：①19世纪和20世纪初期的一种资产阶级政治思想。自由主义者代表资产阶级的利益，反对政治的、社会的和宗教的束缚，在历史上曾经起过进步的作用。但在资产阶级取得政权后，自由主义就成了掩饰资产阶级统治的幌子。②革命队伍中的一种错误的思想作风，主要表现是缺乏原则性，无组织，无纪律，强调个人利益等（《现代汉语词典》2002：2550）。
Therefore, liberalism（中性词）≠ 自由主义（贬义词）
3. pragmatism: pragmatic ways of considering and dealing with things; pragmatic: dealing with matters in the way that ems best under the actual conditions, rather than following a general principle; concerned with practical results (LDCE 1998:1173).
实用主义：现代资产阶级哲学的一个派别，创始于美国。它的主要内容是否认世界的物质性和真理的客观性，把客观存在和主观经验等同起来，认为有用的就是真理，思维只是应付环境解决疑难的工具（《现代汉语词典》2002：1744）。
Therefore, pragmatism（褒义词）≠ 实用主义（贬义词）
Examples:
1. Aggressive nations threaten world peace.
情人节快乐用英语怎么说侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平。
A salesman must be aggressive if he wants to succeed.
推销员如要成功，必须有闯劲。
2. He incited the soldiers to fight bravely.
他激励士兵勇敢作战。
He was charged with inciting people to violence.
他被控煽动人们暴动。
3. Every dog has his day.
人人皆有得意之时。
4. “You chicken!” he cried, looking at Tom with contempt.
“你这胆小鬼！”他轻蔑地看着汤姆嚷道。
(3) Compare and translate the following, paying attention to the words in italics:
1. ① The story of the hero is extremely moving.
② He storied about his age.
③ That face must have a story belonging to it.
④ The real story was made public.
⑤ What a story! I don’t believe a word of it.
2. ① He’s a stubborn child who won’t obey his mother.
② The defenders put up stubborn resistance.
3. ① Thy found a mountain refuge for climbers.
② The political dissidents sought refuge abroad.
4. He is a bookworm.
5. All the constitutional powers were vested in a single being.
Choice of Grammatical Meanings（选择语法意义）
Examples:
1. The lapped wafers are then polished to a mirror finish with graded diamond polish.
把研磨好的薄片用各级金刚砂抛光剂抛光到镜面光洁度。
2. Take the cart back to the back yard and back it into the shed at the back of the stable.
把牛车拉回到后院，再把它倒到牛棚后面的小屋去。
3. He had no stomach to follow us.
他不想跟我们走。
I can’t stomach this job any longer.
这工作我再也受不了啦。
Drills
4. ①It is neither round nor square.
②The wheels go round rapidly.
③The night watchman makes his rounds every hour.
④The earth moves round the sun.
⑤The ship rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
⑥The talk rounded into a plan.
5. I iron my clothes with an iron.needed
6. Brush初恋500天 your hair with the hairbrush.
7. Paper the walls with white paper.
8. You must ship the cargo in a large ship.
Choice of Contextual Meanings（选择语境意义）
Examples:
Book
1. Show me the complaint book, plea.
请把意见簿拿给我看看。
2. Milton’s Paradi Lost consists of twelve books.
弥尔顿的长诗《失乐园》共有12卷。
3. That’s all I remember, sir, on the Book.
