Semantics is the study of meaning. More specifically, mantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and ntences in particular.
The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the Referential Theory.
The naming theory 命名说
According to it, the linguistic forms or symbols or words ud in a language are simply labels of the objects they stands for. So words are just names or labels for things.
It is also called the referential theory （指称论）.
Theory of the context of situation [ J. R. Firth (1890-1960) ]情景语境
讲话技巧①The relevant features of the participants, persons, personalities.②The relevant objects.③The effects of the verbal action.
The conceptualist view 概念理论
This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
It is also called ideational theory（观念论）
Contextualism语境J. R. Firth 费斯
The linguists hold that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, u, context—elements cloly linked with language behavior.
Behaviorism行为主义
This theory, somewhat clo to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest. This view of meaning propod by Bloomfield is illustrated by his story about Jack and Jill.
According to Bloomfield, the meaning of a linguistic form should be viewed as “ the situation in which the speaker utters it, and the respon which it calls forth in the hearer.”
The Definition of n
Sen refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.
The definition of reference
Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;
it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
What is culture?
Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language.
In a narrow n, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.
Anthropological study of linguistics: study of language in a sociocultural context.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis定义Our language helps mould our way of thinking and, conquently, different languages may probably express speakers’ unique ways of understanding the world.
Linguistic determinism: L may determine our thinking patterns.
Linguistic relativity: different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around.
Sociolinguistics
The sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the us of language and the social structures in which the urs of language live.
Variationist perspective: 变异视角
Variety 的定义People who claim to be urs of the same language do not speak the language in the same manner.
Dialect定义Varieties (变体) related to the ur are normally known as dialects
R溢出英文egister定义In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language ud for a particular purpo or in a particular social tting.
1. Regional dialects are linguistic varieties ud by people living in different regions.
2. Social-class dialect, or sociolect 社会方言, refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.
3.Iconspiracy theorydiolect 个人方言A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender and age variations.china style
4. Eellothnic dialect 种族方言A variety of language that is mainly spoken by a less privileged population that has experience some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or gregation
5. Standard dialect:
Diglossia: Two distinct varieties of the same language are ud, side by side, for two different ts of functions英语四六级准考证打印
Monolingual: uncommittedSpeakers of a single language control different varieties of that language.
Bilingual: People develop some ability in a cond language.
英语人物介绍
High Context Culture:- Cultures that rely heavily on non-verbal and subtle situational cues in communication.
Low Context Culture:-darktube Cultures that rely heavily on words to convey meaning in communication.
Definition of Pragmatics
The study of language in u.
The study of meaning in context.
The study of speakers’ meaning, utterance meaning,& contextual meaning.
Performatives: utterances which are ud to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; the uttering of the ntence is the doing of an action; they cannot be said to be true or fal.
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