⏹ A gene (cistron) is the gment of DNA specifying production of a polypeptide chain; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as intervening quences (introns) between individual coding gments (exons).
⏹ 基因[ gene(cistron) ]：指能产生一条肽链的DNA片段。包括编码区和其上下游区域（引导区和尾部），以及在编码片段间（外显子）的割裂序列（内含子）。
⏹ A DNA polymera is an enzyme that synthesizes a daughter strand(s) of DNA (under direction from a DNA template). Any particular enzyme may be involved in repair or replication (or both).
⏹ DNA聚合酶（DNA polymera）：合成子代DNA链（在DNA模板的指导下）的酶。任何独特的酶可在修复或复制（或两者都有）中发挥作用。
⏹ immediateRNA polymerasacknowledgements are enzymes that synthesize RNA using a DNA template (formally described as DNA-dependent RNA polymeras).
⏹ RNA聚合酶（RNA polymeras）：使用DNA作为模板合成RNA的酶（正式应为DNA
依赖性RNA聚合酶）。
⏹ Rever transcripta is an enzyme that us a template of single-stranded RNA to generate a double-stranded DNA copy.
⏹ 反转录酶（Rever transcripta）：以单链RNA为模板合成双链DNA的酶。
⏹ A deoxyribonuclea (DNAa) is an enzyme that attacks bonds in DNA. It may cut only one strand or both strands.
⏹ 脱氧核糖核酸酶（DNA酶）（deoxyribonuclea，DNAa）：攻击作品集怎么制作DNA之间化学键的酶。
⏹ Ribonucleas (RNAa) are enzymes that cleave RNA. They may be specific for single-stranded or for double-stranded RNA, and may be either endonucleas or exonucleas.
⏹ 核糖核酸酶（RNA酶）（Ribonucleas ，RNAa）：底物为RNAcomparison的酶，它可对单链或双链RNA特异性作用，它可为核酸内切酶或核酸外切酶。
⏹ Exonucleas cleave nucleotides one at a time from the end of a polynucleotide chain; they may be specific for either the 5’ or 3’ end of DNA or RNA.
⏹ 核酸外切酶（Exonucleas）：每次可从核酸链一头切割一个核苷酸的酶，可能特异性切割DNA或者RNA的5’ 或者3’端。
⏹ Endonucleas cleave bonds within a nucleic acid chain; they may be specific for RNA or for single-stranded or double-stranded DNA.
⏹ 核酸内切酶（Endonucleas）：切割核酸链内的化学键。可特异性地切割RNA或者单链或双链DNA。
⏹ A hotspot is a site in the genome at which the frequency of mutation (or recombination) is very much incread, usually by at least an order of magnitude relative to neighboring sites.
⏹ 热点（hotspot）：突变或者重组频率显著增加的位点。
破产姐妹第二季17⏹ loss-of-function mutation eliminates or reduces the activity of a gene. It is often, but not always, recessive.
⏹ 功能丧失性突变（loss-of-function career planningmutation）：这种突变失活了基因，它是隐性遗传的。
⏹ A gain-of-function mutation usually refers to a mutation that caus an increa in the normal gene activity. It sometimes reprents acquisition of certain abnormal properties. It is often, but not always, dominant.
⏹ 功能获得性突变（gain-of-function mutation）：这种突变代表了新活性的获得，它是显性的。
麻省理工大学世界排名⏹ A reading frame is one of the three possible ways of reading a nucleotide quence. Each reading frame divides the quence into a ries of successive triplets. There are three possible reading frames in any quence, depending on the starting point. If the first frame starts at position 1, the cond frame starts at position 2, and the third frame starts at position 3.
⏹ 读框（reading frame）：一条核苷酸链能以三种可能形式之一读出。每个读框把序列分成一系列连续的三联体，依照序列的不同，任何序列都有三种可能的读框，如果第一个读框开始于位置1，则第二个读框开始于位置2，第三个读框开始于位置3。
⏹ An open reading frame (ORF) is a quence of DNA consisting of triplets that can be translated into amino acids starting with an initiation codon and ending with a termination codon.
⏹ 可读框（open reading frame ，ORF）：由编码氨基酸的三联体组成的连续DNA序列，能翻译成蛋白质，由起始密码子开始，终止于终止密码子。
⏹ An exon is any gment of an interrupted gene that is reprented in the mature RNA product.
⏹ 外显子（exon）：断裂基因中，在成熟mRNA产物中存在的任何片段。
⏹ An intron (Intervening quence) is a gment of DNA that is transcribed, but removed from within the transcript by splicing together the quences (exons) on either si
de of it.
⏹ 内含子（插入序列）（intron，Intervening quence）长颈鹿英语：一段DNA片段，它转录但通过将其两端的序列（外显子）剪接在一起而被去除出转录物。
⏹ A transcript is the RNA product produced by copying one strand of DNA. It may require processing to generate a mature RNA.
⏹ 转录物（transcript）：从DNA 链上拷贝的RNA产物，它可能需要加工成成熟RNA。
⏹ Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) refers to inherited differences in sites for restriction enzymes (for example, caud by ba changes in the target site) that result in differences in the lengths of the fragments produced by cleavage with the relevant restriction enzyme. RFLPs are ud for genetic mapping to link the genome directly to a conventional genetic marker.
⏹ 限制性片段长度多态性（Restriction fragment length polymorphism，RFLP）：指限制性内切核酸酶所能识别的位点上的遗传差异（例如，靶位点上的碱基改变产生），这些
差别引起相关限制性内切核酸酶切割产生不同长度片段。RFLP可用于遗传作图，将基因组与常见的遗传标记接合起来。
⏹ A 英语俚语zoo blot describes the u of Southern blotting to test the ability of a DNA probe from one species to hybridize with the DNA from the genomes of a variety of other species.
⏹ 物种杂交（zoo blot）：指使用Southern杂交检验来自一个种属的DNA与其他许多种属基因组DNA电算化考试时间杂交的能力。
