课程主题： 上海牛津高中英语-六级改编讲义 | 授课时间： | ||||
2015年12月六级 改编十一选十 Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be ud once, note that there is one word more than you need.
According to a report from the Harvard School of Public Health, many everyday products, including some bug sprays and cleaning fluids, could lead to an incread risk of brain and behavioral disorders in children. The developing brain, the report says, is particularly 36 to the toxic effects of certain chemicals the products may contain, and the damage they cau can be 37 . stefanie什么意思The official policy, however, is still evolving. Health and environmental 38 have long urged U.S. government agencies to 39 the u of some of the 11 chemicals the report cites and called for more studies on their long-term effects. In 2001, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency40 the type and amount of lead that could be prent in paint and soil in homes and child-care 41 achievements, after concerns were raid about lead poisoning. The agency is now 42 the toxic effects of some of the chemicals in the latest report. But the threshold for regulation is high. Becau children’s brain and behavioral disorders, like hyperactivity and lower grades, can also be linked to social and genetic factors, it’s tough to pin them on exposure to specific chemicals with solid 43 evidence, which is what the EPA requires. Even the Harvard study did not prove a direct 44 but noted strong associations between exposure and risk of behavioral issues. Nonetheless, it’ s smart to 45 caution. While it may be impossible to prevent kids from drinking tap water that may contain trace amounts of chemicals, keeping kids away from lawns recently sprayed with chemicals and freshly dry-cleaned clothes can’t hurt.杰森英语 【答案】BJAFK EGHCD Section B (22％)。 Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by veral quetions or unfinished statements. For each of the question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choo the one that firs best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) One hundred years ago, “Colored” was the typical way of referring to Americans of African descent. Twenty years later, it was purpofully dropped to make way for “Negro.” By the late 1960s, that term was overtaken by “Black.” And then, at a press conference in Chicago in 1988, Jes Jackson declared that “African American” was the term to embrace. This one was chon becau it echoed the labels of groups, such as “Italian Americans” and “Irish Americans,” that had already been freed of widespread discrimination. A century’s worth of calculated name changes point to the fact that naming any group is a politically freighted exerci. A 2001 study cataloged all the ways in which the term “Black” carried connotations (涵义）that were more negative than tho of “African American.” But if it was known that “Black” people were viewed differently from “African Americans” rearchers, until now, hadn’t identified what that gap in perception was derived from. A recent study, conducted by Emory University’s Erika Hall, found that “Black” people are viewed more negatively than “African Americans” becau of a perceived difference in socioeconomic status. As a result, “Black” people are thought of as less competent and as having colder personalities. The study’s most striking findings shed light on the racial bias permeating the professional world.Even emingly harmless details on a resume, it appears, can tap into recruiters’ bias. A job application might mention affiliations with groups such as the “Wisconsin Association of African- American Lawyers” or the “National Black Employees Association,” the names of which apparently have conquences, and are also beyond their members’ control. In one of the study’s experiments, subjects were given a brief description of a man from Chicago with the last name Williams. To one group, he was identified as “African-American,” and another was told he was “Black.” With little el to go on, they were asked to estimate Mr. Williams’s salary, professional standing, and educational background. The “African-American” group estimated that he earned about $ 37,000 a year and had a two-year college degree. The “Black” group, on the other hand, put his salary at about $ 29, 000, and guesd that he had only “some” college experience. Nearly three-quarters of the first group guesd that Mr. Williams worked at a managerial level, while only 38.5 percent of the cond group thought so. Hall’s findings suggest there’s an argument to be made for electing to u “African American,” though one can’t help but get the n that it’s a decision that papers over the urgency of continued progress. Perhaps a new phra is needed, one that can bring everyone one big step clor to realizing Du Bois’ s original, idealistic hope:“It’ s not the name—it’s the Thing that counts.” 56.Why did Jes Jackson embrace the term “African American” for people of African descent? A) It is free from racial bias. C) It is in the interest of common Americans. B) It reprents social progress. D) It follows the standard naming practice. 57.What does the author say about the naming of an ethnic group? A)It advances with the times. C) It merits intensive study. B)It is bad on racial roots. D) It is politically nsitive. 58.What do Erika Hall’s findings indicate? A) Racial bias are widespread in the professional world. B) Many applicants don’t attend to details on their resumes. C) Job ekers should all be careful about their affiliations. D) Most recruiters are unable to control their racial bias. 59.What does Erika Hall find in her experiment about a man with the last name Williams? A) African Americans fare better than many other ethnic groups. B) Black people’s socioeconomic status in America remains low. C) People’s conception of a person has much to do with the way he or she is labeled. D) One’s professional standing and income are related to their educational background. 60.What is Dr. Du Bois’s ideal? A) All Americans enjoy equal rights. B) A person is judged by their worth. C) A new term is created to address African Americans. D) All ethnic groups share the nation’s continued progress. 【答案】ADACA (B) Across the board, American colleges and universities are not doing a very good job of preparing their students for the workplace or their post-graduation lives. This was made clear by the work of two sociologists, Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa. In 2011 they relead a landmark study titled “Academically Adrift,” which documented the lack of intellectual growth experienced by many people enrolled in college. In particular, Arum and Roksa found, college students were not developing the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and other higher-level skills that are necessary to thrive in today’s knowledge-bad economy and to lead our nation in a time of complex challenges and dynamic change. Arum and Roksa placed the blame for students, lack of learning on a watered-down college curriculum and lowered undergraduate work standards. Although going to college is suppod to be a full-time job, students spent, on average, only 12 to 14 hours a week studying and many were skating through their mesters without doing a significant amount of reading and writing. Students who take more challenging class and spend more time studying do learn more. But the priorities of many undergraduates are with extracurricular activities, playing sports, and partying and socializing. Laura Hamilton, the author of a study on parents who pay for college, will argue in a forthcoming book that college administrations are overly concerned with the social and athletic activities of their students. In Paying for the Party, Hamilton describes what she calls the “party pathway,” which eas many students through college, helped along by various clubs that nd students into the party scene and a host of easier majors. By sanctioning this watered-down version of college, universities are “catering to the social and educational needs of wealthy students at the expen of others” who won’t enjoy the financial backing or social connections of richer students once they graduate. The students need to build skills and knowledge during college if they are to u their degrees as a stepping-stone to middle-class mobility. But more privileged students must not waste this opportunity either. As recent graduates can testify, the job market isn’t kind to candidates who can’t demonstrate genuine competence, along with a well-cultivated willingness to work hard. Nor is the global economy forgiving of an American workforce with increasingly weak literacy, math and science abilities. College graduates will still fare better than tho with only a high school education, of cour. But a university degree unaccompanied by a gain in knowledge or skills is an empty achievement indeed. For students who have been coasting through college, and for American universities that have been demanding less work, offering more attractions and charging higher tuition, the party may soon be over. 61. What is Arum and Roksa’s finding about higher education in America? A) It aims at stimulating the intellectual curiosity of college students. B) It fails to prepare students to face the challenges of modem times. C) It has experienced dramatic changes in recent years. D) It has tried hard to satisfy students, various needs. 62. What is responsible for the students, lack of higher-level skills? A) The diluted college curriculum. C) The abnce of rigorous discipline. B) The boring classroom activities. D) The outdated educational approach. 63.What does Laura Hamilton say about college administrations? A) They fail to give adequate help to the needy students. B) They tend to offer too many less challenging cours. C) They em to be out of touch with society. D) They prioritize non-academic activities. 64. What can be learned about the socially and financially privileged students? A) They tend to have a n of superiority over their peers. navyalsB) They can afford to choo easier majors in order to enjoy themlves. C) They spend a lot of time building strong connections with business. D) They can climb the social ladder even without a degree. 65.What does the author suggest in the last paragraph? A) American higher education has lost its global competitiveness. B) People should not expect too much from American higher education. C) The current situation in American higher education may not last long. D) It will take a long time to change the current trend in higher education. 【答案】BADBC 2016年06月六级 改编十一选十 Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be ud once, note that there is one word more than you need.
Let's say you love roller-skating. Just the thought of __26__ on your roller-skates brings a smile to your face. You also know that roller-skating is excellent exerci. You have a __27__attitude toward it. This description of roller-skating __28__ the three components of an attitude: affect, cognition, and behavior. You love the activity; it's great fun. The feelings __29__ the affective or emotional component; they are an important ingredient in attitudes. The knowledge we have about the object constitutes the cognitive component of an attitude. You understand the health __30做鬼脸的英文__ that the activity can bring. Finally, attitudes have a behavioral component. Our attitudes __31__ us to go outside to enjoy roller-skating. Now, we don't want to leave you with the __32__ that the three components always work together __33__. They don't; sometimes they clash. For example, let's say you love pizza(affective component); however, you have high cholesterol and understand (knowledge component) that eating pizza may be bad for your health. Which behavior will your attitude result in, eating pizza or __34__ it? The answer depends on which component happens to be stronger. If you are walking past a pizza restaurant at lunchtime, your emotions and feelings probably will be stronger than your knowledge that pizza may not be the best food for your gold是什么意思health. In that instance, you have pizza for lunch. If you are at home trying to decide where to go for dinner, however, the knowledge component may __35__ , and you decide to go where you can eat a healthier meal. 【答案】 GIDCB KEHAJ Section B (22％)。 Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by veral quetions or unfinished statements. For each of the question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choo the one that firs best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Manufacturers of products that claim to be environmentally friendly will face tighter rules on how they are advertid to consumers under changes propod by the Federal Trade Commission. The commission's revid "Green Guides" warn marketers against using labels that make broad claims, like "eco-friendly". Marketers must qualify their claims on the product packaging and limit them to a specific benefit, such as how much of the product is recycled. "This is really about trying to cut through the confusion that consumers have when they are buying a product and that business have when they are lling a product," said Jon Leibowitz, chairman of the commission. The revisions come at a time when green marketing is on the ri. According to a new study, the number of advertiments with green messages in mainstream magazines has rin since 1987, and peaked in 2008 at 10.4%. In 2009, the number dropped to 9%. But while the number of advertiments may have dipped, there has been a rapid spread of ecolabeling. There are both good and bad players in the eco-labeling game. In the last five years or so, there has been an explosion of green claims and environmental claims. It is clear that consumers don't always know what they are getting. A handful of lawsuits have been filed in recent years against companies accud of using misleading environmental labels. In 2008 and 2009, class-action lawsuits (集体诉讼) were filed against SC Johnson for using "Greenlist" labels on its cleaning products. The lawsuits said that the label was misleading becau it gave the impression that the products had been certified by a third party when the certification was the company's own. "We are very proud of our accomplishments under the Greenlist system and we believe that we will prevail in the cas," Christopher Beard, director of public affairs for SC Johnson, said, while acknowledging that "this has been an area that is difficult to navigate." Companies have also taken it upon themlves to contest each other's green claims. David Mallen, associate director of the Council of Better Business Bureau, said in the last two years the organization had en an increa in the number of claims companies were bringing against each other for fal or misleading environmental product claims. "About once a week, I have a client that will bring up a new certification I've never even heard of and I'm in this industry, said Kevin Wilhelm, chief executive officer of Sustainable Business Consulting. "It's kind of a Wild West, anybody can claim themlves to be green." Mr. Wilhelm said the excess of labels made it difficult for business and consumers to know which labels they should pay attention to. 46. What do the revid "Green Guides" require business to do? A) Manufacture as many green products as possible. B) Indicate whether their products are recyclable. C) Specify in what way their products are green. D) Attach green labels to all of their products. 47. What does the author say about consumers facing an explosion of green claims? A) They can easily e through the business' tricks. B) They have to spend lots of time choosing products. C) They have doubt about current green certification. D) They are not clear which products are truly green. 48. What was SC Johnson accud of in the class-action lawsuits? A) It gave consumers the impression that all its products were truly green. B) It gave a third party the authority to label its products as environmentally friendly. C) It misled consumers to believe that its products had been certified by a third party. D) It sold cleaning products that were not included in the official "Greenlist". 49. How did Christopher Beard defend his company's labeling practice? shotgunA) There were no clear guidelines concerning green labeling. B) His company's products had been well received by the public. C) It was in conformity to the prevailing practice in the market. D) No law required the involvement of a third party in certification. 50. What does Kevin Wilhelm imply by saying "It's kind of a Wild West" (Line 3，Para. 11)? orlandoA) Business compete to produce green products. B) Each business acts its own way in green labeling. C) Consumers grow wild with products labeled green. D) Anything produced in the West can be labeled green. 【答案】CDCAB (B) America's education system has become less a ladder of opportunity than a structure to transmit inequality from one generation to the next That's why school reform is so critical. This is an issue of equality, opportunity and national conscience. It's not just about education, but about poverty and justice.It's true that the main reason inner-city schools do poorly isn't teachers' unions, but poverty. Southern states without strong teachers' ，unions have schools at least as awful as tho in union states. Some Chicago teachers em to think that they shouldn't be held accountable until poverty is solved. There're steps we can take that would make some difference, and Mayor Rahm Emanuel is trying some of them—yet the union is resisting. I'd be sympathetic if the union focud solely on higher compensation. Teachers need to be much better paid to attract the best college graduates to the nation's worst schools. But, instead, the Chicago union ems to be using its political capital primarily to protect weak performers. There's solid evidence that there are huge differences in the effectiveness of teachers. The gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars found that even in high-poverty schools, teachers consistently had a huge positive or negative impact. Get a bottom 1% teacher, and the effect is the same as if a child miss 40% of the school year. Get a teacher from the top 20%, and it's as if a child has gone to school for an extra month or two. The study found that strong teachers in the fourth through eighth grades raid the skills of their students in ways that would last for decades. Just having a strong teacher for one elementary year left pupils a bit less likely to become mothers as teenagers, a bit more likely to go to college and earning more money at age 28. How does one figure out who is a weak teacher? Yes, that's a challenge. But rearchers are improving systems to measure a teacher's performance throughout the year, and, with three years of data, ifs usually possible to tell which teachers are failing. Unfortunately, the union in Chicago is insisting that teachers who are laid off—often for being ineffective—should get priority in new hiring. That's an insult to students. Teaching is so important that it should be like other professions, with high pay and good working conditions but few job protections for bottom performers. This isn't a battle between garment workers and greedy boss. The central figures in the Chicago schools strike are neither strikers nor managers but 350,000 children. Protecting the union demand sacrifices tho students, in effect turning a blind eye to the injustice in the education system. 51. What do we learn about America's education system? A) It provides a ladder of opportunity for the wealthy. B) It contributes little to the elimination of inequality. C) It has remained basically unchanged for generations. D) It has brought up generations of responsible citizens. 52. What is chiefly responsible for the undesirable performance of inner-city schools? A) Unqualified teachers. C) Unfavorable learning environment. B) Lack of financial resources. D) Subconscious racial discrimination. 53. What does the author think the union should do to win popular support? A) Assist the city government in reforming schools. C) Demand higher pay for teachers. B) Give constructive advice to inner-city schools. D) Help teachers improve teaching. 54. What is the finding of the gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars? A) Many inner-city school teachers are not equal to their jobs. B) A large proportion of inner-city children often miss class. C) Many students are dissatisfied with their teachers. D) Student performance has a lot to do with teachers. 55. Why does the author say the Chicago unions demand is an insult to students? A) It protects incompetent teachers at the expen of students. B) It underestimates students, ability to tell good teachers from poor ones. C) It makes students feel that they are discriminated against in many ways. D) It totally ignores students, initiative in the learning process 【答案】BBCDA | |||||
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