This quick reference gives a conci overview of the most commonly needed features of Simple Query Syntax; e Chapter 6 of Hoffmann et al. (2008) for a comprehensive reference and tutorial. Query expressions that you can enter in BNCweb's arch box are printed in typewriter font, followed by an arrow and the matching words or word quences in italics (e.g. st?ing!sting, stung). Basic word form arches
•To arch for word forms, simply type them into the query field and click [Start query]: glitterati!glitterati
•U wildcards for unspecified letters, and prefix or suffix arches:
? for a single arbitrary character
s?ng!sing, sang, song, …
* for zero or more characters
*able!able, table, capable, suitable, available, …
+ for one or more characters
+able!table, capable, suitable, … but not able
??+ for three or more characters, etc.
??+able!capable, … but not able, table, unable, stable •Combine multiple wildcards: *oo+oo*!Voodoo, schoolroom, …
•Protect wildcards and other metacharacters with backslash \ to match the literal character (called "escaping" the metacharacter):
\?!?
?!a, b, c, …, A, B, C, …, 1, 2, 3, …, ., !, ?, …
Simple Query Syntax us the following metacharacters:
? * + , : @ / ( ) [ ] { } _ - < >
•List comma-parated alternatives (optionally including wildcards) in square brackets:
??+[able,ability]!capable, capability, availability, …
neighbo[u,]r!neighbour, neighbor
•Searches are ca-innsitive by default: the queries bath, Bath and BATH find the same matches (viz. the three word forms bath, Bath and BATH). Set the "Query mode" drop-down menu to "Simple query (ca-nsitive)" to distinguish between AIDS and aids,for example.
•U :d modifier to ignore accents: fiancee:d!fiancée, fiancee (for details, e Hoffmann et al. 2008, Section 6.10 and Appendix 4). Matching parts-of-speech (POS)
•Search for a word form with a specific POS tag by linking them with an underscore _. Wildcards can be ud both for word form and POS tag:
lights_NN2! plural noun lights, but not the verb form lights
*ly_AJ0! adjectives ending in -ly (e.g. daily)
super+_V*! verb forms starting with super-
•You can also arch by POS tag only: _PNX! any reflexive pronoun •Complete listing of POS tags ud in the BNC is given on last page.
•U simplified POS tags enclod in curly braces: super+_{VERB} for verb forms starting with super- (no wildcards allowed in simplified tags).
•List of simplified POS tags (Table 3.8 of Hoffmann et al. (2008) shows comparison with full tagt):
A, ADJ adjective INT, INTERJ interjection
morgan stanleyN, SUBST noun PREP preposition
V, VERB verb PRON pronoun
ADV adverb $, STOP punctuation
ART article UNC other / uncertain
CONJ conjunction
•Keep in mind that part-of-speech tags have been assigned by an automatic software tool and are not always correct ( beer_{N} can_{N}).
when christmas come to town
Headword and lemma queries
•Search by headword, enclod in curly braces: {light} finds the forms light, lights, lit, lighted, lighting, lighter and lightest(but not the nouns lighting and lighter).
•In BNCweb, the lemma is a combination of headword and simplified POS tag, parated by a slash /. A lemma query between the noun, verb and adjective reading of LIGHT:
{light/V} !light, lights, lit, lighted, lighting (tagged as verb)
{light/N}!light, lights (tagged as noun)
{light/A}!light, lighter, lightest (tagged as adjective)
Word quences
•Queries can consist of multiple words, e.g. talk of the town
•All words and punctuation symbols ("tokens") are parated by blanks;
posssives (Peter's) and contracted forms (they've, gonna) must be split: he will \, wo n't he \?!he will, won't he?
•Each query item in a quence can make full u of wildcards, part-of-speech constraints, and headword or lemma arches:
{number/N} of _{A} _NN2!numbers of younger men, …
•U +to skip an arbitrary token, or *for an optional token. Combine + and * for larger gaps, e.g. +++** to skip between 3 and 5 tokens.卸妆技巧
{eat} * up!eat up, ate up, eat it up, eaten all up, …
xch
{eat} + up!eat it up, eaten all up, … but not eat up, ate up
{eat} ++* up!up at a distance of 3 or 4 tokens after eat Advanced lexico-grammatical patterns
•U regular expression notation (Hoffmann et al. 2008, Sections 6.8 and
12.4) for alternatives, optional elements and repetition within a quence:
(_{A})?optional adjective
(_{A})*zero or more adjectives (optional)
(_{A})+one or more adjectives (non-optional)
(_{A}){2,4}between two and four adjectives
(…|…|…)matches one of the alternatives indicated by …
(…|…|…)*alternatives with repetition (optional)
(…|…|…)+alternatives with repetition (non-optional)
(…|…|…){2,4}between two and four repetitions of the given
alternatives (may be mixed in any order) •Regular expression notation can be nested to match complex patterns:
the (most _AJ0 | _AJS) {man}
!the biggest men, the most attractive man, …
the (most (_AV0)? _AJ0 | (_AV0)? _AJS) {man}
! plus: the very richest men, the most supremely stupid men, …
•Complex syntactic patterns can be formed, e.g. for a prepositional phra: _{PREP} (_{ART})? ((_{ADV})? _{A})* _{N} "a preposition; followed by an optional article; followed by any number of adjectives (zero or more), each of which may optionally be preceded by
an adverb; followed by a noun"XML tags
don jon•XML start and end tags can be inrted in query expression to match the boundaries of a region, e.g. the start (<s>) or end (</s>) of an s-unit: <s> but! s-unit beginning with but (or But)
_{ART} </s>! article at end of s-unit (mostly errors) •To match a complete region, skip all tokens between the start and end tag: <quote> (+)+ </quote>! list of all quotations in the BNC
<mw> (+)+ </mw>! list of all multiword units •Some uful XML tags in the BNC:
<s> … </s>s-unit
<p> … </p>paragraph
<u> … </u>speaker turn
<head> … </head>heading or caption
<quote> … </quote>quotation
<item> … </item>list item
<hi> … </hi>highlighted text
<mw> … </mw>multiword unit
Proximity queries
•Special syntax for arching one item within a specified range of another: kick <<s>> bucket!kick and bucket in the same ntence
{kick/V} <<s>> bucket_NN1 (can u POS/lemma constraints)
day <<3>> night!day and night within range of 3 tokens
day <<5<< night!night … day (within 5 tokens)
day >>5>> night!day … night (within 5 tokens) •Only the left element ("target") will be highlighted on the result page. The right element is considered as a "constraint" that must be satisfied.
•Multiple constraints can be chained:
{day} <<5>> {month} <<5>> {year}
In this ca, day must co-occur with month as well as year in a 5-token
window; only day will be highlighted on the Query result page.
•Proximity queries can be nested with parenthes:
{waste/V} <<s>> (time <<3>> money)
Here, the verb waste must co-occur with time as well as money in the
same ntence; but time and money must be clor together (within a 3-
token window). Again, only instances of waste will be highlighted.
•Proximity queries cannot be combined with lexico-grammatical patterns!
List of part-of-speech tags in the BNC (CLAWS-5 tagt)
八年级英语下册教学计划
Tag Description
AJ0 Adjective (general or positive) (e.g. good, old, beautiful)
AJC Comparative adjective (e.g. better, older)
AJS Superlative adjective (e.g. best, oldest)
AT0 Article (e.g. the, a, an, no)
AV0 General adverb: an adverb not subclassified as AVP or AVQ (e below) (e.g. often, well, longer (adv.), furthest)
AVP Adverb particle (e.g. up, off, out)
AVQ Wh-adverb (e.g. when, where, how, why, wherever)
CJC Coordinating conjunction (e.g. and, or, but)
CJS Subordinating conjunction (e.g. although, when)
CJT The subordinating conjunction that
CRD Cardinal number (e.g. one, 3, fifty-five, 3609)
DPS Posssive determiner-pronoun (e.g. your, their, his)
DT0 General determiner-pronoun: i.e. a determiner-pronoun which is not a DTQ or an AT0.
DTQ Wh-determiner-pronoun (e.g. which, what, who, whichever)
EX0 Existential there, i.e. there occurring in the or
construction
鹅蛋脸适合什么发型ITJ Interjection or other isolate (e.g. oh, yes, mhm, wow)
NN0 Common noun, neutral for number (e.g. aircraft, data, committee) NN1 Singular common noun (e.g. pencil, goo, time, revelation)
NN2 Plural common noun (e.g. pencils, gee, times, revelations)
NP0 Proper noun (e.g. London, Michael, Mars, IBM)
ORD Ordinal numeral (e.g. first, sixth, 77th, last) .
PNI Indefinite pronoun (e.g. none, everything, one (as pronoun), nobody) PNP Personal pronoun (e.g. I, you, them, ours)
PNQ Wh-pronoun (e.g. who, whoever, whom)
PNX Reflexive pronoun (e.g. mylf, yourlf, itlf, ourlves)
儿童妆POS The posssive or genitive marker 's or '
PRF The preposition of
PRP Preposition (except of) (e.g. about, at, in, on, with)
PUL Punctuation: left bracket, i.e. ( or [
五杀英文
PUN Punctuation: general parating mark ( . , ! : ; – and ?)
PUQ Punctuation: quotation mark (' and ")
PUR Punctuation: right bracket, i.e. ) or ]
TO0 Infinitive marker to
UNC Unclassified items which are not appropriately considered as items of the English lexicon.
are, 'm, 're and be (subjunctive or imperative)
VBD The past ten forms of the verb BE: was and were
VBG The -ing form of the verb BE: being
VBI The infinitive form of the verb BE: be
VBN The past participle form of the verb BE: been
VBZ The -s form of the verb BE: is, 's
VDB The finite ba form of the verb DO: do
VDD The past ten form of the verb DO: did
VDG The -ing form of the verb DO: doing
VDI The infinitive form of the verb DO: do
VDN The past participle form of the verb DO: done
VDZ The -s form of the verb DO: does, 's
VHB The finite ba form of the verb HAVE: have, 've
VHD The past ten form of the verb HAVE: had, 'd
VHG The -ing form of the verb HAVE: having
VHI The infinitive form of the verb HAVE: have
VHN The past participle form of the verb HAVE: had
VHZ The -s form of the verb HAVE: has, 's
VM0 Modal auxiliary verb (e.g. will, would, can, could, 'll, 'd)
VVB The finite ba form of lexical verbs, comprising the indicative, imperative and prent subjunctive (e.g. forget, nd, live, return)
VVD The past ten form of lexical verbs (e.g. forgot, nt, lived, returned) VVG The -ing form of lexical verbs (e.g. forgetting, nding, living, returning)
VVI The infinitive form of lexical verbs (e.g. forget, nd, live, return)
VVN The past participle form of lexical verbs (e.g. forgotten, nt, lived, returned)
VVZ The -s form of lexical verbs (e.g. forgets, nds, lives, returns)
XX0 The negative particle not or n't
ZZ0 Alphabetical symbols (e.g. A, a, B, b, c, d)
References少年派的奇幻漂流 下载
Hoffmann, Sebastian; Evert, Stefan; Smith, Nicholas; Lee, David; Berglund Prytz, Ylva (2008). Corpus Linguistics with BNCweb – a Practical Guide. Volume 6 of English Corpus Linguistics. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main.
