Model Test 1
Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should Smoking Be Banned in Public Places? You should write at least 120words following the outline given below.
1.近年来越来越多的公共场所禁烟
2.这项举措在受到拥护的同时也引发了争议
3.你的看法
shabushabu
Should Smoking Be Banned in Public Places?
—————————————————————————————————————Part II Reading Comprehensive (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)
Low-carbon Future: We Can Afford to Go Green
Tackling climate change will cost consumers the earth. Tho who campaign for a green revolution are
out to destroy our western lifestyles. Such are the cries of opponents of emissions cuts, and their message has political impact: a number of surveys have found that the enthusiasm of voters for policies to reduce climate change falls off as the price tag increas.
However, a new modeling(模型化) exerci suggests that the fears are largely unfounded. It projects that radical cuts to the UK’s emissions will cau barely noticeable increas in the price of food, drink and most other goods by 2050. Electricity and petrol costs will ri significantly, but with the right policies in place, say the modellers, this need not lead to big change in our lifestyle.asif
“The results show that the global project to fight climate change is feasible,” says Alex Bowen, a climate policy expert at the London School of Economics. “It’s not such a big ask as people are making out.”
Although it is impossible to precily predict prices four decrea from now, the exerci is one of the most detailed examinations yet of the impact of climate change policies on UK consumers. It provides a uful rough guide to our economic future.
Though its results speak directly to the UK consumers, previous rearch has come to similar conclusions for the US. In June, one study found that if the US were to cut emissions by 50 per cent
by 2050, prices of most consumer goods would increa by less than 5 per cent. The findings are also consistent with analys by the Pew Center on Global Climate change in Washington DC. “Even cutting emissions by 80 per cent over four decades has a very small effect on consumers in most areas,” says Manik Roy of the Pew Center. “The challenge is now to convince consumers and policy-Makers that this is the ca.”
The Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change recommends that wealthy nations cut their emissions to between 80 and 95 per cent below 1990 levels by 2050 in order to avoid the
zxbworst effects of climate change. The UK government aims to reduce its contribution by 80 per cent and leaders of the other G8 nations have discusd following suit. To meet this goal, industries will have to slash fossil fuel consumption, and low-carbon power sources will have to massively expand. Companies will have to pay increasingly higher prices for the right to emit greenhou gas.
How will this affect the average citizen's wallet? To measure the impact of the 80 per cent target on the UK population, New Scientist approached Cambridge Econometrics, a firm known for its modeling of the European economy. The firm ud historic economic data to predict the impact of emissions reductions on prices in over 40 categories of goods and rvices. It compared the impact
of the 80 per cent cut with a baline scenario in which the government takes no action other than the limited emissions restrictions already in place as a result of the Kyoto protocol(京都协议书).
Most of the price increas are a conquence of rising energy costs, in part becau coal and gas are replaced by more expensive low-carbon sources. The price of electricity is projected to be 15 per cent higher in 2050 compared with the baline. In today's prices, that would add around £5 onto typical monthly houhold electricity bills. It will also result in higher prices elwhere, as every industrial ctor us electricity.
But electricity and other forms of energy make up only a small part of the price of most goods. Other factors - raw materials, labour and taxes - are far more important. The energy that goes into producing food, alcoholic drinks and tobacco, for example, makes up just 2 per cent of the consumer price. For motor vehicle purchas and hotel stays, the figure is 1 per cent. Only for energy-intensive industries does the contribution climb above 3 per cent.
As a result, most products cost just a few per cent more by 2050. At current prices, going low-carbon is forecast to add around 5 pence to the price of a slice of bread or a pint of beer. The price of houhold appliances such as washing machines ris by a few pounds.
There is one major exception to the pattern. Airlines do not currently have a low-carbon alternative to jet fuel. Unless one is found, they will bear the full burden of carbon pricing, and average fares will ri by at least 140 per cent - raising the cost of a typical London to New York return trip from around £350 to £840.
Achieving the overall picture of low prices does require government action. The model forecasts that by 2050 natural gas and petrol will cost 160 per cent and 32 per cent more respectively. To avoid large price ris in home heating and road transport while still hitting the 80 per cent target, the Cambridge rearchers had to build two major policies into their analysis. They assumed that future governments will provide grants to help switch all domestic heating and cooking to electricity, and invest in the basic facilities needed for electric cars to almost completely replace petroleum-fuelled vehicles.
Both policies have been discusd in recent UK government strategy documents, though the detail of how they would be implemented still needs further discussion. Firm policies must follow if ambitious emissions cuts are going to be made, says Chris Thoung of Cambridge Econometrics.
So is tackling climate change going to be easier than expected, in terms of consumer costs? While t
he Cambridge Econometrics model is widely respected and regularly ud by the UK government's climate change advirs, any attempt to forecast four decades ahead can be diverted by unforeen events. That leads some economists to question the model's results.
For example, companies could move to countries with less strict carbon regulations, points out Richard Tol of the Economic and Social Rearch Institute in Dublin, Ireland. Incomes in the UK would fall, making goods relatively more expensive. Tol also questions whether it is reasonable to u historical prices as a basis for projecting beyond 2020.
Despite this, the Cambridge Econometrics results, together with other recent studies, do provide a uful guide for governments, says Michael Grubb of the University of Cambridge. They suggest that the overall challenge is conquerable, even if many of the details will only become clear in years to come.
1.Why does the enthusiasm of the policy-makers to lesson climate decrea?
A)Economic recession is widely spread
B)Western lifestyles are destroyed
C)The cost of a green revolution ris
D)The environment is improved
2.According to the modellers, emission cuts won’t change the lifestyle, provided that_____
A)the price of food and drink remain stable
B)appropriate policies are carries out
C)electricity and petrol costs don’t ri
D)the public has a strong faith in itesl
3.The students relead in UK and US show that_________.
A)Cutting emissions won’t affect the price of daily goods much
B)The two countries’ situations of the green revolution are different
C)The consumers strongly support cutting emission
吸血鬼日记第四季5
D)The most challenging problem is how to stabilize the price
4.Cambridge Econometrics predicted the impact of emissions reductions on prices from———
A)Computer analysis
B)Past economic data
C)Current categories of goods
D) A baline situation
5.What’s the major cau of the higher price according to the passage?
A)Higher taxes on carbon emission
B)Changes of the lifestyle
C)The rising living standards
D)Rising energy costs
6.Why are the air fares predicted to ri dramatically?
A)More and more people will take the plane
B)No clean energy can replace the jet fuel
C)Many airlines collap due to carbon pricing
D)The cost of an airline increas for finding new energy
7.The two major policies built by the Cambridge rearchers include______
A) imposing higher taxes for petroleum-fuelled vehicles
B)Stabilization of the price of daily goods and rvice
C)The electrification of residential heating and cooking system
D)The prohibition of driving petroleum-fuelled vehicles
8.Some economists doubt the model’s results becau the prediction may be diverted by ____
考研多少分过线
9.Richard Tol points out that goods in UK may become more expensive as companies could万圣节音乐
find other locations with___________________.
10.The Cambridge Econometrics results provide a uful guide for policy-makers, with a
suggestion that the government can ________the challenge.
Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes) Section Aadvertir
11.A) the physics class is very difficult
B) the physics class is not given his term
C) the physics class is easier than people think
D) The physics class should be cancelled if possible
12.A) he was satisfied with his military rvice
B) it was the first time he had been abroad
C)he had never been on a warship
D) he had been on the warship before
13.A) put ice on her foot
B) e a doctor at once
C) give her foot a good rest
D) take the doctor’s advice
14.A) they broke down and could go no further
B) they haven’t achieved much
C) they have produced a general agreement
D) they haven’t started yet
15.A) the woman is out of shape
B) the woman doesn’t need a new racket
C) the woman also needs new tennis shoes
D) The woman spent too much on her tennis shoes
16.A) he should make an apology to Mary
B) he may talk to Mary directly
C) he should excu Mary’s behavior
D) he shouldn’t always pull a long face
17.A) she didn’t like the style
B) the coat didn’t fit her
C)she couldn’t afford it
D) the fabric felt uncomfortable
18.A) she has been on the trip herlf and enjoyed it
B) she wouldn’t consider going on the trip
C) she thinks the class is too advanced for the man
agree的过去式D) she think there’s a good reason to go on the trip
19.A) he is late for class too often
B) he has misd too many class
C) he has failed in the exam again
D) he is a trouble-maker at school
20.A) students are going to take the final exam today
B) it’s the last day Steve can drop the class with a full refund
C) students have to hand in their reports today
D) it’s the final day Steve can apply for a loan
21.A) drop the class
B) make up the misd lessons
C) stop taking part-time job
D) transfer to another school
22.A) the quality of goods and rvices has improved
B) most people are reducing their consumption
C) complain channels are too limited
D) many people don’t bother to complain
23.A) electrical appliances
B) travel agencies
C) photographic and sound equipment
D) clothing
24.A) they account for the largest proportion
B) 90 per cent of them are reasonable
C) most of them are for delayed air tickets
D) few of them are for poor accommodation
25.A) two weeks
B) less than two weeks
C) two to three weeks
D) more than three weeks
Section B
Passage One
26.A) it is an international organization
B) it only exists in poor countries
C) people always think highly of it
D) anyone can join the group easily
27.A) to try to stop the war in Italy
B) to help the wounded in the battle
C) to form an international treaty
D) to aid the injured in the earthquake
headlock28.A) protecting the prisoners of war
B) teaching first aid to the public
C)raising money for public fund
D) publicizing the idea of charity
Passage Two
