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时态

更新时间:2023-05-20 11:05:33 阅读：评论：0

第9章时态

一、时态概述

1、时态的定义：时态（Ten）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。

2、时态的种类：

(1)一般现在时：表示经常、反复的动作、行为习惯、现在的某种状况以及客观事实和普遍真理。

(2)一般过去时：表示过去发生的动作，行为或存在的状态；或者是过去经常，反复发生的动作。

(3)现在进行时：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

(4)一般将来时：表示将要发生的动作、行为或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

(5)过去进行时：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动

（6）现在完成时：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

（7）过去完成时：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或

在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。

（8）过去将来时：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。

二、时态考点纵览

知识点考点	考点对应典型例题剖析
考点一：一般现在时	考点1：一般现在时的基本结构。
	1、be动词型：句子的谓语动词只有be (am，is或are)。肯定句：主语+be (am, is, are)+其它否定句：主语+ be + not +其它一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句典型例题 1 John is from Canada.（改为否定句）答案：John is not form Canada. 典型例题 2 I am Chine.（改为一般疑问句，并作肯/否定回答) 答案：Are you Chine? Yes, I am. /No I am not. 典型例题 3 My bike is in my room. (对划线部分提问) 答案：Where is your bike? 2、实义动词型：句中的谓语动词为实义动词。肯定句：主语+行为动词+其它否定句：主语+ don’t ( doesn’t ) +动词原形(+其它) 一般疑问句：Do ( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句典型例题 1 I like eating vegetables.（改为否定句）答案：I don’t like eating vegetables. 典型例题 2 He often plays football at weekends.（改为一般疑问句，并作肯/否定回答）答案：Does he often play football at weekends. Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 典型例题 3 My father goes to work by bus.（对划线部分提问）答案：How does your father go to work?
	考点2：一般现在时的用法。
	1. 表示事物或人物的特征、状态。 2. 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语（always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day等）连用。 3. 表示客观真理、客观存在或科学事实。 4. 表示格言或警句。典型例题 1 Tom and Mike _______ very excited becau they will take a trip. A. is B. are C. am D. be 答案：B 典型例题 2 I_______ home for school at 7 every morning. A. leaves B. is leaving C. leave D. am leaving 答案：Cthe proposal 典型例题 3 The earth_______ around the sun. A. moves B. is moving C. moved D. move 答案：A 典型例题 4 Pride_______before a fall. A. go B. goes C. is going D. going 答案：B
	考点3：一般现在时动词动词第三人称单数形式变化规律。
	1. 一般情况，加 -s，清辅音后读/s/，浊辅音和元音后读/z/。 2. 以o结尾的词，加-s或-es，读/z/。 3. 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词，加 -es，读/iz/。 4. 以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y 为i再加es，读/z/。典型例题 1 He_________ (get) up at six o’clock. 答案：gets 典型例题 2 Mike sometimes________ (go) to the park with his sister. 答案：goes 典型例题 3 The child often ________ (watch) TV in the evening. 答案：watches 典型例题 4 Danny________ (study) English, Chine, Math, Science and Art at school. 答案：studies
	考点4：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
	典型例题 1 If you ________ （come） this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting. 答案：come 典型例题 2 When I ________（graduate）, I’ll go to countryside. 答案：graduate
	考点5：有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作（句中都带有时间状语），但限于少数动词，如：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, clo等。
	典型例题 1 The meeting ________（begin） at ven. 答案:begins 典型例题 2 The rain ________（start） at nine in the morning. 答案：starts
	考点6：表示状态和感觉的动词heterogeneous(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般现在时。
	典型例题 1 I ________（like） English very much. 答案：like The story ________（sound） very interesting. 答案：sound
	考点7:书报的标题、小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
考点二：一般过去时	考点1：动词过去时的构成规律。
	(一)规则动词的过去式。 1．一般情况下，在动词原形后面加-ed。 look→looked play→played start→started visit→visited 2．以不发音e结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-d。 live→lived u→ud 3．以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词，先将 y 改为i ,再加–ed。 study→studied try→tried 4．以重读闭音节（即辅音字母＋元音字母＋辅音字母），末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要先双写这个辅音字母后，再加–ed。 stop→stopped plan→planned (二)不规则动词的过去式。 1．改变动词中的元音。 begin→began drink→drank come→came eat→ate grow→grew 　 2．变词尾的–d 为–t。 build→built lend→lent nd→nt spend→spent bend→bent 3．与动词原形一样。 cut →cut put→put cost→cost hurt→hurt shut→shut 4．变-ay 为-aid。 say →said pay →paid lay →laid 5．采用不同词根。 ll →sold teach → taught buy →bought 6．其他。 am/is →was are →were have/has →had do →did
	考点2：加ed的读音规则。
	1. ed加在清辅音后面，读/t/。 finished /-t/ help /-t/ asked /-t/ 2. ed加在浊辅音或元音后，读/d/。 played /-d/ lived /-d/ enjoyed /-d/ 3. ed加在/t/或/d/后面，读/id/。 wanted /-id/ needed /-id/ visited /-id/
	考点3：一般过去式的基本用法。
	1. 表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。常和明确的过去时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last week, three days ago等。典型例题 1 Gao Shan ________ (put) the book on his head a moment ago. 答案：put 典型例题 2 They all ________ (go) to the mountains yesterday morning. 答案：went 2. 表示刚刚发生的事情而没说明时间。典型例题 1 ________the telephone________(ring)? 答案：Did ring 典型例题 2 Who________(leave) the door open ? 答案：left 3. 可以表示过去的习惯性动作，句中常带有every day, often, usually, always, sometimes 等状语。典型例题 1 When I________ (study) in the university, I________ (read) English every morning. 答案：studied read 典型例题 2 In the past few years I usually________ (go) touring during my summer vacations. 答案：went
	考点4：wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
	典型例题 I ________ （think） you might have some. 答案: thought
	考点5：want, hope, wonder, think, intend，could, would用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
	典型例题 1 I________ （wonder） if you could help me. 答案：wondered ________ （can） you lend me your bike? 答案：could
考点三：现在进行时	考点1in the beginning：现在进行时基本结构：am/is/are+动词的现在分词+其它成分。
	否定形式：主语+am/is/are+not+动词的现在分词+其它成分疑问形式：am/is/are+主语+动词的现在分词+其他成分肯定回答：Yes, 主语+am/is/are 否定回答：No, 主语+am/is/are+not 典型例题 1 I ________ with my parents in the living room now. A. am talking B is talking C are talking D talk 答案： A 典型例题 2 Jane is playing games with James.（改为一般疑问句）答案：Is Jane playing games with James? 典型例题 3 Nine little Chine are dancing in the classroom now.（改为否定句）答案：Nine little Chine are not dancing in the classroom now.
	考点2：现在进行时常和now, look, listen, at this time, the days等连用。
	典型例题 1 Look, John and Mary________ together. A. dancing B. are dancing C. dance D. danced 答案：B 典型例题 2 Listen, who ________in the next room? A. sings B. sing C. is singing D. sang 答案：C 典型例题 3 Tony________ hard the days. A. A. study B. studying C. is studying D. studied 答案：C
	考点3：现在分词的变化规则。
	(1) 一般情况下，直接在动词词尾加- ing。 play→playing look→looking bring→bringing (2) yanggu以辅音字母加e结尾的动词，需要去掉e，再加ing。 take→taking have→having hate→hating (3) 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing。 put→putting stop→stopping begin→beginning (4) 以ie结尾的重读开音节的词，改ie为y，再加-ing。 lie→lying die→dying
	考点4:下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
	典型例题 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
	考点5：以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。
	典型例题 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
	考点6：在时间或条件句中。
	典型例题 When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
	考点7：在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。
	典型例题 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are clod before you leave the room.
	考点8：用现在进行时表示将来下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。
	典型例题 I'm leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week?
	考点9: 进行时态同always，forever等频率副词连用，表示各种感情色彩，如：赞扬、抱怨、讨厌等。
	典型例题 The man is always helping others. 这个男的总是帮助别人。 He is always borrowing money from me but he never pays it back. 他总是跟我借钱，但是从来不还。
考点四：一般将来时	考点1：一般将来时基本结构1:主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他成分，shall用于第一人称，will可用于所有人称。
	典型例题 Tom will be a middle school student next year. I will clean the classroom this afternoon.
	考点2：一般将来时基本结构2：主语+am/is/are going to +动词原形+其他成分，表示事先经过考虑，安排，计划要做的事情，或者根据目前某种迹象判断某事非常有可能发生。
	典型例题 1 他们打算这周末打扫房间。（翻译句子）答案：They are going to clean the classroom this weekend. 典型例题 2 看乌云密布，要下雨了。（翻译句子）答案：Look at the black clouds, it is going to rain.
	考点3：will与be going to 的区别：be going to 指的是计划打算，并有迹象的推测，而will表示客观的将来。
	典型例题 1 The sun________ ri at 6:00 tomorrow morning. A will B shall C be going to 答案：A 典型例题 2 The boy______________________(将会开心) when he gets a good mark. 答案：will be happy 典型例题 3 Their sister___________________(打算去买双鞋) tomorrow evening. 答案：is going to buy a pair of shoes.
	考点4:be about to + 动词原形” 表示即将发生的动作，意为 be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟时间状语。
	典型例题服饰色彩搭配 We are about to leave.
	考点5：go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。
	典型例题 I’m leaving for Beijing.
	考点6：某些动词(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等)的一般现在时也可表示将来。
	典型例题 The meeting starts at five o’clock. He gets off at the next stop.
	考点7：区别be to和be going to，be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
	典型例题 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. （客观安排） I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. （主观安排）

考点：一般现在时表将来	考点1：下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
	典型例题 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
	考点2：以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。
	典型例题 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
	考点3：在时间或条件句中。
	典型例题 When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
	考点4：在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。
	典型例题 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are clod before you leave the room.
	考点5：现在进行时表示将来:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。
	典型例题 I'm leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week?
	考点6：过去进行时:常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。
	典型例题 1 Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. tyraA. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 典型例题 2 As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell 答案B.
考点六：现在完成时	考点1:比较一般过去时与现在完成时
	1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。典型例题 a.I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了） b.I have en this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了） c.Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了） d.Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争） e.He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续） f.He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
	考点2：用于现在完成时的句型
	1）It is the first / that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。典型例题 It is the first time that I have visited the city. This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。 This is the best film that I've （ever） en. 这是我看过的最好的电影。典型例题 1 ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. 典型例题 2 ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
	考点3：比较since和for
	Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。典型例题 1 I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. hpw我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。典型例题 2 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。典型例题 3 （对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. （错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
	考点4： since的四种用法
	1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。典型例题 I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。 2） since +一段时间+ ago。典型例题 I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 3） since +从句。典型例题 Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。 4） It is +一段时间table tting+ since从句。典型例题 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
	考点5：延续动词与瞬间动词
	1） pul是什么意思用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；美丽的回忆瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。典型例题 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。（表结果） I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历） 2）用于till / until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如： He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。典型例题 1 You don't need to describe her. I ___ her veral times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 典型例题 2 ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A.
考点七：过去完成时	考点：1其构成是had +过去分词构成。 ----\|----------\|--------\|----> 那时以前那时现在
	考点2：用法
	a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。典型例题 She said （that）she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。典型例题 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppo等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。典型例题 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
	考点3：过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
	典型例题 1 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himlf. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例题 2 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. 注意：1） had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。典型例题 I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 2）had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。典型例题 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
	考点4：用一般过去时代替过去完成时
	1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。典型例题 When she saw the mou，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。 2 ）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。典型例题 When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。典型例题 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
考点八：过去进行时	考点1:过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
	考点2:常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。
	典型例题 1 Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 典型例题2 As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell 答案B.