sheepdog绯闻女孩第四季笔记：启蒙运动不好意思日语
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启蒙运动（法⽂：Siècle des Lumières，英⽂：The Enlightenment，德⽂：die Aufklärung），指发⽣在17-18世纪的⼀场资产阶级和⼈民⼤众的反封建，反教会的思想⽂化运动。是继⽂艺复兴后的⼜⼀次伟⼤的反封建的思想解放运动。以法国为中⼼，其核⼼思想是“理性崇拜”，⽤理性之光驱散愚昧的⿊暗。这次运动有⼒批判了封建专制主义，宗教愚昧及特权主义，宣传了⾃由，民主和平等的思想。为欧洲资产阶级⾰命做了思想理论准备和舆论宣传。
这个时期的启蒙运动，覆盖了各个知识领域，如⾃然科学、哲学、伦理学、政治学、经济学、历史学、⽂学、教育学等等。 启蒙运动进⼀步解放了⼈们的思想，为美国独⽴战争与法国⼤⾰命提供了框架，促进了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，同时，其启蒙思想也成为半封建地半殖民地⼈民争取民族独⽴的精神武器。与⾳乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同⼀时期。面试问题及回答技巧
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Enlightenment, European intellectual movement of the 17th–18th century in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were blended into a worldview that inspired revolutionary developments
in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to Enlightenment thought were the u and celebration of reason. For Enlightenment thinkers, received authority, whether in science or religion, was to be subject to the
hypothesis什么意思日霜investigation of unfettered minds. In the sciences and mathematics, the logics of induction and deduction made possible the creation of a sweeping new cosmology. The arch for a rational religion led to Deism;
the more radical products of the application of reason to religion were skepticism, atheism, and
materialism. The Enlightenment produced modern cularized theories of psychology and ethics by men such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, and it also gave ri to radical political theories. Locke, Jeremy Bentham, J.-J. Rousau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Thomas Jefferson all contributed to an evolving critique of the authoritarian state and to sketching the outline of a higher form of social organization bad on natural rights. One of the Enlightenment’s enduring legacies is the belief that human history is a record of general progress.
