中文摘要
宗教世俗化是指宗教在其发展中由于世俗社会的影响、振荡和冲击而导致宗教的神圣性、神秘性逐渐淡化,并使宗教各个方面与社会现实的关系日益密切的过程。在世界范围内,这一过程是伴随着工业革命的进程而出现的,并在全球化和现代化进程的推进下变得越来越明显。在当代中国,特别是改革开放以后,传统社会的稳定性被逐步打破,社会进入转型时期。随着社会现代化进程的推进,作为社会存在的反映,宗教也在这一时期不断变化着:一方面,宗教在公共领域的神圣性影响力日益衰退;另一方面,各种宗教现象和问题又不断凸显出来。如何应对这样的状况,就成了当代宗教社会学研究的一个热门话题。因此,以宗教学和社会学的视野对当代中国宗教的世俗化趋势从原因、表现、影响以及与社会的互动等几方面来进行理论分析,便具有重要的理论和实践意义。
基于上述基本认识,文章围绕着宗教世俗化的提出、宗教世俗化在中国的表现和趋势、推动宗教世俗化适应中国社会发展等主要问题展开研究:首先,在对宗教世俗化进行界定和对中国宗教世俗化的发展进行系统总结的基础上,梳理“世俗化”、“入世化”、“中国化”和“本土化”等几个相关提法,肯定并论证了中国的宗教同样存在着世俗化趋势这一基本观点。指出中国宗教世俗化的文化背景主要是中国传统文化中兼收并蓄的思想传统和开放包容的心理基础。同时,宗教世俗化还以现代化、市场经济等为社会基础。
其次,发现中国宗教的世俗化具有两重表现。一方面宗教的神圣性有所衰退,具体体现为传统宗教信仰
逐渐淡漠而入世意识明显、宗教仪式逐步简化、信仰对象日趋自由和多元等;另一方面各种宗教意识又在社会中又有所凸显,主要体现为中国人看待宗教的态度普遍发生变化,民间信仰热潮出现,穆斯林宗教意识的增强,同时各种宗教又以新的形式发展着。
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最后,文章指出在世俗化与去世俗化的矛盾中发展是中国宗教世俗化发展的趋势,而适应与和谐是中国宗教前进的必然。因此,在当代中国处理好宗教世俗化与社会主义社会的关系便需要确立宗教界所负的社会责任,发挥宗教兼顾圣俗两面生活的作用。同时,也要在尊重和保护宗教信仰自由的基础上协调立场、增进共识,积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应,推动宗教世俗化朝着更加有利于社会和谐的方向发展。
关键词:当代中国;宗教;世俗化
比尔克林顿Abstract
Secularization of religion is the process of the sanctity and mystery of religion is weakened gradually in its development and making the religion have a more clor ties with the reality of society becau of the impact,vibration and shock of cular society . Worldwide, this process is accompanied by th e process of the industrial revolution and becoming more and more apparent with the promotion of globalization and modernization. In contemporary China, particularly since reform and opening up, th
e stability of traditional society has been gradually breaking down, the social has gone into the transition pha.With the advancement of social modernization,religion has also been changing during this period as a reflection of social existence: on the one hand, the holy influence of religion in the public domain
is being reduced; on the other hand,there are a variety of religious phenomena and problems which are very prominent.How to deal with such a situation has became a hot topic of the contemporary sociology of religion.Therefore,it has an important theoretical and practical significance to make a theoretical analysis of the reans,performances,impact and interaction with the community of the cularization trends in contemporary Chine religion on the religious and sociological perspective.
Bad on the above basic understanding, the article will take its rearch around the raid of cularization of religion,its performance and trends in China,promoting
it to adapt to social development of China and other major problems.
First of all, bad on the define of the cularization of religion and the systemic sums of development of the cularization of religion in China,we will explain the related appoinments such as "Secularization","joining the social lives", "Sinolization" and the "localization",make sure and prov
e the existence of the trends
of cularization in Chine religions.To p oint out that the cultural background of cularization of religion in China is mainly the tradition of eclectic ideas and the psychological basis of openness and tolerance in Chine traditional culture. Meanwhile, the Chine traditional cultural emphasis on the social function of religion and believers have strong utilitarian n, the are also the cultural basis of cularization of religion.
Second, to find the cularization of religion in China has two performance.The one hand, the sanctity of religion have a recession, the specific expression is that the traditional religious faiths gradually faded, the awareness of joining into the social
lives are obvious, religion ceremonies are simplified gradually,the objects of worshipers are becoming various and they have the more freedom of choice; the other hand, the various consciousness of religions also are prominent in society, mainly reflected in the changes of the attitude of the Chine people to religions and there are upsurge of folk faiths, while all religions are developing in new forms. Finally, the article points out that the trend of the cularization of religion in China is that it will develop in the conflicts of the cularization and uncularization ,and the adaptment and harmony is inevitable in the progress of Chine religions.
luka magnotta>个人陈述 英文
Therefore, in contemporary China,to handle the relationship between the cularization of religion and the socialist s ociety needs to establish the religious social responsibility and make u of the function that the religions can attention both of the religious lives and social lives.At the same time,bad on respecting and protecting the freedom of religious belief s ,we must coordinate positions, increa connsus, and actively guide religions to adapt to socialist society, promote the cularization of religion to develop towards the direction of making society more harmonious.
Key W ords:Contemporary China,Religion,Secularization小学生大队委竞选稿
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导言
1 导言
1.1 问题的提出
现代社会是由以理性为特征的科学技术在支持,追求的是各种社会制度的理智化,并以最有效的控制自然以及便利人类生活为目标,这些无疑都对传统宗教的经典教义、价值观念、行为规范、社会功用等方面产生着极大的挑战。近几十年,中国社会发生了根本性的变化,传统社会数十年如一日的稳定性步伐被打破了,社会进入了振奋期、发展期,急剧地向着现代转型。作为社会存在的一种反映,宗教也在不断发展变化着。事实上是,随着社会现代化进程的推进,宗教在与之携手共进,出现了越来越明显的世俗化趋势。一方面,宗教在公共领域的影响力和重要性在日益衰退,各种宗教对世俗事务的态度都发生了重大的转变;另一方面,各种宗教现象又凸显出来,似乎在预示着宗教的发展有了新的生机。面对这样的困境,宗教和社会要如何反应和应对,这成为了当代宗教社会学研究的一个热门话题。本文将站在社会学的视野下,对当代中国宗教的世俗化趋势从原因、表现、影响以及与社会的互动等几方面来进行理论分析,并提出自己的观点。
1.2 研究综述 stealth
1.2.1 国外研究情况综述
首先,关于宗教世俗化的界定在国外理论界还没有形成统一的说法。美国学者拉里•席纳尔在他的《经验研究中的世俗化概念》一文中对于宗教世俗化概念的分析被认为是最为详尽有用的。他把宗教的世俗化这个概念具体到六种含义,并且认为世俗化是一个过程,在这个过程中,宗教的意识活动和机构失去了对社会的重要性。总之,世俗化就是非神圣化。
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德国著名政治经济学家、社会学家马克斯•韦伯在其主要代表作《新教伦理与资本主义精神》中着重论述了基督新教与资本主义的生成关系,并试图说明了迄今尚未经过宗教改革的古老民族的宗教伦理对于资本主义的发展起了严重的抑制作用。韦伯对宗教与现代化的关系问题做出过一段精彩的总结:我们的时代,是一个理性化、理智化,总之是世界祛除巫魅的时代;这个时代的命运,是一切终极而最崇高的价值从公众生活中隐退——或者遁入神秘生活的超越领域,或者流于直接人际关系的博爱。这里所说的理性化、理智化现象就是世俗化。由此可见,韦伯思想对于后人的重大启示意义在于他能够以理性的态度来思考宗教与社会发展的关系,虽然他并没有针对这一关系给出明确的答案。
在宗教社会学研究中具有重要地位的美国社会学家彼得•贝格尔称宗教的
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