英美国家概况笔记:英国国土与人民
Chapter 1
Land and People
英国的国土与人民英国的国土与人民
I . Different Names for Britain and its Parts
英国的不同名称及其各组成部分英国的不同名称及其各组成部分
1.Geographical names : the British Isles , Great Britain and England .
地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name : the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .
官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands -Great Britain (the large r one ) and Ireland , and hundreds of small ones .
不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain : England , Scotland and Wales .
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain . It is the largest , mos t populous ction .
英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain . It has three natural zones (t
he Highlands in the north ; the Central lowlands ; the south Uplands ) Capital : Edi nburgh
苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵。首府:爱
丁堡。丁堡。
(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain . Capital : Cardiff
威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府:加的夫
(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK . Capital : Belfast .
北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府:贝尔法斯特。
5.The Commonwealth (of nations ) is a free association of independent countrie s that were once colonies of Britain . It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member co untries until 1991.
英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于它成立于1931年,至1990年止已有50个
成员国。成员国。
英美国家概况笔记:英国的起源
I .Arrival and ttlement of the Celts 克尔特人的到来和定居克尔特人的到来和定居
Celts were practiced famers . The drained much of marshlands and built hous of wood wood..They wre ironworkers
, too . Their languages , the Celts languages , are the b asis of the language which is still ud by some people in Scotland and Wales . Thei
r religion was Druidism (n .德鲁伊教)..德鲁伊教).
克尔特人是有经验的农民,他们排干沼泽地,用木材建造房屋。他们还打造铁器。苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为基础发展而来的。
fid1 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC .
及物动词有哪些约公元前700年,克尔特人来到不列颠岛。年,克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
2The Celts came to Britain in three main waves .
克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels -came about 600 BC .
第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。年盖尔人的来临。
The cond wave were the Brythons -came about 400 BC .
第二次高潮是约公元前400年布列吞人的抵达。年布列吞人的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae -came about 150 BC .
第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。年比利其人的到达。II II II.. Roman Invasion 罗马征服罗马征服
Between 55 and 54 B .C .,., Julius Casar invaded British twice Julius Casar invaded British twice
. But it was onl y nominal conquest for 96 years . The real conquest began in 43 A .D . and lasted fo r almost 350 years .
公元前55到公元前54年,年,凯撒大帝两次征服,凯撒大帝两次征服,凯撒大帝两次征服,但只是但只是96年名义上的占领。年名义上的占领。真正的征服开始真正的征服开始
于公元43年,并持续了350年。年。
The Romans never did succeed in subduing all of Britain . One of the greatest ac hievements of the Roman Empire was its system of roads . The influence of Roman thou
ght survived in Britain only through the Church
. Romanization was not successful in
.
other areas like language and culture
罗马征服并没有真正的征服英吉利,但罗马人带去了先进的技术,尤其是公路系统。罗马人
在语言和文化上都没能征服当地人,只有他们的宗教例外。许多罗马教堂拔地而起。
日耳曼语系) 盎格鲁—撒克逊人
盎格鲁—撒克逊人
871)
. The Anglo-Saxons (446
III
III.
-871
446-
.
Saxons.
: the Anglo-Saxons
humanbeing1. Basis of Modern English race
盎格鲁—萨克逊时代(奠定了英国的基础)
, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles cam
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders
.
e to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes
五世纪中叶,朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼(条顿)部落。
registry
. A Jutis
①The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland
, came to Britain first
.brpc
h chief became the King of Kent in 449
, establishe
②Then the Saxons, urs of the short
-sword from northern Germany
, Susx and Wesx from the end of the 5th century to the d their kingdom in Esx
.
beginning of the 6th century
,
the Angles, who also came from northe
③In the cond half of the 6th century差拍
, ttled in East Angli
rn Germany and were to give their name to the English people
, Esx, Susx,
ulove
. The ven principal kingdoms of Kent
a, Mercia and Northumbria
.
Wesx, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy
居住在日德兰半岛(现丹麦南部)上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。一个朱特人首领于
449年当上了国王。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯
建立了王国,统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。
同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居,六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居,
六世纪后半叶,
gloomy sunday同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人够上。这七个主要王国(肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、
东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚),合称为七王国。
2.The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity
.
最早的盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。
最早的盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。
. Christianity
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain
.
, Wales, Scotland and Ireland
soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall
. Andrew's Monastery i
In 597, Pope Gregory I nt St
. Augustine, the Prior of St
n Rome , to England to convert the heathen (异教的)(异教的) English to Christianity English to Christianity
. In 597 St . Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury . He was remarkably succ essful in converting the king and the nobility , but the conversion of the common pe ople was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north .
盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特人还
信奉基督教外,基督教很快就消失了。公元597597,教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道,教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰,其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面,奥古斯丁特别成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北方修道们的传教活动。
3.The Early Anglo -Saxons make the contributions to the English state .(.(format format ion of the English nation )
早期盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。
The Anglo -Saxons laid the foundations of the English state . Firstly , they ①divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties ),), with shire courts and shire reeves , or sheriffs , responsible for administering law . Secondly Secondly,, they devid the narrow -strip strip,, three
教师节的文章-field ②farming system which continued to the 18th century . Thirdly , they also
③established the manorial system (庄园制).(庄园制). Finally Finally
, they ④created the Witan (council or meeting of the wimen )to advi the king , the basis o
f the Privy Council which still exists today .
盎格鲁—撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家基础。首先,他们把国家划分为郡,郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次,他们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至18世纪。此外,他们还建立了领地制。最后,他们还创立了咨议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这就成为了今天尚存的枢密院的前身。枢密院的前身。
IV IV..Viking and Danish invasions 北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵
1.The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes . They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century . They became a rious problem in the 9t h century , especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York , an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century , the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wesx .
入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人,从8世纪末开始,他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。世纪末开始,他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。99世纪,尤其是公元835835--878年间已成为严重问题。他们甚至占领了约克郡,公元867年时的基督教中心。到9世纪中叶,北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的安全。
2.King Alfred (849849--899899)) and his contributions
艾尔弗雷德国王(艾尔弗雷德国王(849849849--899899)和他所做出的贡献)和他所做出的贡献)和他所做出的贡献
Alfred was a king of Wesx . He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agree ment with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east , while he ru led the rest . He also converted some leading Danes into Christians .
He ①founded a strong fleet and is known as " the father of the British navy". He ②reorganized the Saxon army , making it more efficient .
He ③translated a Latin book into English .
He also ④established schools and
⑤formulated a legal system . All this earns him the title "Alfred the Great ." 阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人,并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部(丹麦法区),而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。领成为基督教徒。
他因为建立了强大舰队,而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世。他改组了“弗立德”(撒克逊军队),使之更为高效。他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时他还建立了学校,并且阐明了法律制度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大王。”的称号。
V .The Norman Conquest (10661066)诺曼征服)诺曼征服)诺曼征服
1.Reasons for William's invasion of England after Edward's death .
威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。
It was said that king Edward had promid the English throne to William , but th e Witan cho Harold as king . So William led his army to invade England . In Octobe r 1066, during the important battle of Hastings , William defeated Harold and kille d him . One Christmas Day , William was crowned king of England , thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England .
据说,爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中,威廉打败了哈罗德军队,同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕,成为英国国王,从此开始了诺曼征服。