GRE填空常见对⽴概念
在上课的过程中，经常发现同学们在某些题⽬当中发现不了对⽴，或者说反复出现的⽭盾⼤家总是浪费时间在其他⽆意义的线索上，所以今天就这⼀点跟⼤家稍微聊⼀聊，说说GRE填空题⽬⾥⾯常遇到的⼀些概念⽐较，帮助⼤家节省时间精⼒，做题⼜快⼜准确。
1. ⼊侵物种/本地物种
题⽬当中⼀旦提到物种，基本就以⼊侵物种为主，⽽它的表达⽅式是初次接触GRE的同学不熟悉的。我们⼀起来看⼀看⼤家会在题⽬和选项当中碰到的种种“⼊侵物种”的说法：
invasive species = exotic species = introduced species = non-indigenous species = non-native species
题⽬当中，⼤家牢记，“⼊侵物种”的对⽴⾯只有⼀个，就是“本地物种”：
local species = native species = endemic species = non-introduced species = indigenous species
记住这两个概念的种种表达形式，⼤家能够快速准确的完成题⽬，避免GRE填空题⽬当中⼤量⽆⽤信息的⼲扰，这⾥给⼤家简单地举两个题⽬↓：
automaticupdates1.1 Origin, distribution, and habitat are included in the book for some but not all of the plants; offering this information for each species would have given readers a clearer appreciation of the differences between ______ and introduced species.
A. endemic
griffon
B. native
C. asonal
D. rare
E. unusual
F. dominant
此题当中弄懂刚才讲解的概念的同学应该发现了这道题⽬当中真正有价值的信息只有最后的⼏个单词：differences between ______ and introduced species。其实题⽬就是问⼤家introduced species的反⾯是什么，“⼊侵物种”的反⾯就是“本地物种”，答案为AB。axe什么意思
下⾯的⼀道题同学们⾃⼰完成：
1.2 Although one can adduce myriad examples of ecosystem disruption by non-indigenousspecies, nevertheless most introduced speciesthat survive in fact appear to have quite ______ effects on the ecosystems they have invaded.
A. minimal
B. trifling
C. marked
D. conspicuous
E. intriguing
ver
F. deleterious
这⾥考到了“⼊侵物种”的两个表达⽅式（我以加粗形式给同学们表现出来了），必须将这⼆者划上等号这个句⼦才完整，才有逻辑。答案为AB，请⼤家⾃⾏思考。
2. 劳⼯关系
亲子机构
⼯会（laborunion）和公司（company/business owner）的关系⼀直都是对⽴的，原因⾮常简单易懂：⼯会存在的⽬的是为⼯⼈争取薪资，⼯作条件，⼯作时间等；⽽公司追求股东的利益最⼤化，所以⼆者之间从来都是不可调和的⽭盾，⼆者从来都是对⽴的，此消彼长。我们来看⼀下↓：
2.1 Miller reminded his client that labor relations are inherently ______: the interests of business owners’ are diametrically oppod to tho of the employees.
A. constant
B. immutable
C. changeable
D. variable
E. antagonistic
F. adversarial
题⽬当中labor relations意为劳⼯关系，冒号后⾯其实也给⼤家提⽰了⼆者是“截然对⽴”（diametrically oppod）。
2.2 Members of the union’snegotiating team insisted on veral changes to the company’sproposal before they would support it, making it clear that they would ______ no compromi.
A. disclo
B. reject
C. brook
D. tolerate
E. repudiate
F. weigh
题⽬当中union和company已经给⼤家标识好，⼆者还是进⾏利益的⽃争，还是没有妥协。答案为CD，请⼤家⾃⾏完成。
2.3 The unionstates its position polemically; its leaders say they are fighting to save good jobs while ______ corporationsreplace full-time workers with part-time ones in order to cut down on both wages and benefits.
A. precarious
B. enterprising
保密协议英文C. rapacious
D. troubled
E. influential
F. avaricious
题⽬当中⼯会为⼤家争取福利，但是公司追求利益，答案为CF。
3. 科学和轶事
科学（science）和轶事（anecdote）之间是⽭盾的关系。
科学是依据客观观察进⾏研究；轶事是没有经过科学验证，道听途说的故事，没有可信性。⼀旦提到科学的推断的对⽴⾯，那么anecdote就是⼤家的常见备选选项。
status3.1 Many of the unusual behaviors attributed to crows – such as drinking coffee or prenting gifts to people who feed them – are bad on (i)______ and therefore fall into the category of (ii)______ rather than science.
这道题⽬当中第⼆个空格问rather than science，也就是science的对⽴⾯，再结合前⾯的句⼦，anecdote就是正确的选项。答案为CD。
3.2 There has been (i)______ elephant’s fabled mental capacities until recently, when the behavioral obrvations have begun to be(ii)______ by brain science. MRI scans of an elephant’s brain suggest that even relative to its overall size it has a large hippocampus, the component in the mammalian brain linked to memory and an important part of its limbic system, which is involved in processing emotions.
第⼆句MRI扫描告诉了我们说brainis involved in processing emotions，所以⼤脑和情感相联系了，因此⼆空格这⾥这种⾔论被⼤脑科学证明了。
⼀空格后⾯有个until recently，告诉了我们时间对⽐，后⾯是被科学（science）证明，前⾯就是没证明：anecdotal evidence轶事证据。
英语超强补习班答案为CD
3.3 The difficulty for nineteenth-century advocates of the claim that forests helped regulate climate was that their argument (i)______historical anecdote and obrvations. Proving the forest-climate link through verifiable and experimental scientific means rather than obrvation was (ii)______for the individuals, a situation that eventually led to the link (iii)______ justifications for forest conrvation.
led to the link (iii)______ justifications for forest conrvation.
该题⼀空格后⾯的historical anecdote，直接告诉了我们这些⽀持者们（advocates）存在的问题（difficulty）肯定就是依赖了“轶事”（historical anecdote）。⼆空格前⾯说scientificmeans和前⼀句的anecdote形成对⽴，接下来就迎刃⽽解了。答案为CDH，请同学们⾃⾏完成。
4. 虚构和现实
fictional（⼩说的）在填空题⽬⾥⾯，它被考察以“虚构的”这个词意，它的对⽴⾯有两种表达⽅式：1.non-fictional 2. documentary（纪实的）。⽽“虚构的”这个概念有时不会说的⾮常明确，或者⽤novel/novelist这个单词来替换，⼩说这种题材就是虚构的，是等价的语义替换，同样，“纪实的，现实的”这个词意会被ETS⽤journalist来替换。给⼤家整理⼀下这两个词意的⼏个表达⽅式：
虚构的：fictional=novel⼩说=novelist⼩说家
现实的：non-fictional=documentary纪实的=journalist新闻记者=ethic伦理
4.1 Although its director______ that the movie us a documentaryapproach in portraying the famous sit-down strike, in practice its characters are heavily fictionalizedand fall into familiar Hollywood types.
A. asrts
pet是什么意思B. concedes
C. guarantees
D. disputes
E. grants
F. maintains
此题当中有些同学找不到前后两句话的联系，就因为没有注意到documentary和fictionalized这两个单
词的关系，⽂中说电影使⽤了纪录⽚的（documentary）⼿法来展现罢⼯，后⾯说实际上这些⾓⾊是严重的虚构化的（fictionalized），答案为AF。
4.2 Leo Tolstoy wrote many works of nonfiction and profesd (i)______ the explorations of ethics and religion compared with his novels and short stories. The fiction writer in him, however, was hard to(ii)______. Handi Murdd is a short novel with the breadth and power of an epic, with vivid characterization and inten storytelling that sweep the reader away. While the reader ns the moral concerns of the tale’s creator, the novel is a far cry from the (iii)______ of Tolstoy’s nonfiction.
此题部分同学觉得第⼀个空格没有线索，原因就在于non-fiction的⼏个语义替换不是很熟悉，这⾥⾯non-fiction（⾮⼩说，也就是纪实⽂章）等同于第⼀句当中后⾯的ethics（伦理学）and religion（宗教）这两个单词，这样第⼀句⼤家就会得到真正的⾯⽬：Leo Tolstoy wrote non-fictions and profes
d (i)______ non-fictions compared with his fictions。答案为ADG。
5. 逻辑和本能/先天和后天
逻辑和本能
logical（逻辑的）和intuitive（本能的）有时同学们会很唐突的放在⼀起。其实这两个单词是完全⽭盾的，不可协调的：logical是⼤脑理性思考的结果，是需要进⾏分析思考推理；⽽intuitive是我们天⽣具有的直觉，不需要进⾏客观的分析。因此如果同学们发现⼀个事物同时具有“逻辑”和“本能”两个特点，那么必然是分析错误了。
5.1 Trying to fix problems that affect vast numbers ofpeople has an intuitive appeal that politicians and policy makers find(i)______, but veral ware hous of rearch studies show that intuition is often a poor guide to fixing (ii)______ problems.
该题最容易出错的是第⼀个空格，同学们会很容易选择A来满⾜对intuition is often a poor guide这句话取反，从⽽选择poor的反⾯。但是如果选择了A，这句话就变成了anintuitive appeal thatis logical, 也就是说这个appeal既是intuitive，也是logical的，这其实是⽭盾的，不可取。答案为BE。
先天和后天
cloyoureyes
此外还有⼀个概念就是“天⽣的”和“后天的”，⼆者也是完全对⽴的，这两个单词分别是“天⽣的”：
innate=inborn=instinctive；“后天的”：acquired=advanced。下⾯这道例题交给⼤家，希望⼤家注意：
5.2 Given children’s active fantasy lives, one might think of truthfulness as a young child’s(i)______ virtue, it turns out that lying is the more (ii)______ skill. A.child who is going to lie must recognize the truth, intellectually conceive of an alternate reality, and be able to convincingly ll that new reality to someone el. Therefore, lying (iii)______ both cognitive development and social skills that honesty simply doesn’t’ require.
