fighting意思Unit7
Malinowski language and culture It is a mode of action and not an instrument of reflection’.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
①Propod:Benjamin Lee Whorf & Edward Sapir
②内容Our language helps mould our way of thinking and, conquently, different languages may probably express speaker’s unique ways of understanding the world.
观点 1) language may determine our thinking patterns; 2) similarity between language is relative.
Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity
③The strong version refers to the original hypothesis makes, emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our way of thinking patterns.The weak version suggests that t
六级英语作文范文
混蛋英文here is a correlation between language, culture and thought, but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative, rather than categorical.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationships between language u and socialstructure. It investigates the correlation between linguistic variables and social variables影响因素：class,gender,age,ethnic identity, education background, occupation, religious belief
Speech community is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a more or less discrete group of people who u language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themlves.
Dialect is a form of language spoken in a particular geographical area or by members of a particular social class or occupational group, distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.
register is a variety of language ud for a particular purpo or in a particular social tting.Halliday identifies three variables that determine register: 1field2tenor 3mode
Chapter 9
mianfeifanyiStyle: variation in the language u. Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author express itlf in words.
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the features of situationally distinctive us of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their u of language. 广义, it studies the u of language in all kinds of contexts and how language u varies in accordance with changing circumstances. 狭义stylistics only focus on texts of artistic value.Stylistics in this narrow n is called literary stylistics, the goal of which is to explain the relation between language and artistic function. 文学语言的特点：（foregrounding/figurative language ）
Foregrounding has the function of giving unusual prominence to one element or property of a text, relative to other less noticeable aspects.Device:deviation and parallelism
(偏离Lexical, Syntactic Deviant phra structure. )
figurative language:simile,metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche
视角Narrators /Schema-oriented language .Given vs New information .Deixis
Speech prentation: DS FIS IS NRAS NRS .Thought prentation DT FIT IT NRTA NRT
NRSA:A summer of a longer piece of discour.
NRS:namely a ntence which merely tells us that speech occurred, and which does not even specify the speech act involoved.电影剧本下载
如何分析小说语言1.Lexis/vocabulary2.Grammatical organization3.Textual organization4..Figures of speech（前景化，比喻性语言） 5Style variation 6Discoursal patterning 7Viewpoint manipulation(语言 思想)
轻灵Unit8
Pragmatics: The study of language in u. It is usually concerned with the meanings that ntences have in particular contexts in which they are ud. Pragmatics is different from traditional mantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation but in context.
1. Speech Act Theory Austin (1) Two types of ntences
Performatives施为句: The utterance of a ntence is, or is part of, the doing of an action.言有所为。
Constativeskds表述句：It is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.
Distinctions between Performatives and Constatives
I. Performatives cannot be true or fal, but felicitous or not. Constatives can be true or fal. II. typical performatives u first person singular subject, simple prent ten, indicative mood, active voice and performative verbs.
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A theory of the illocutionary act （2）google image archthree ns
LOCUTIONARY ACT When we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning.
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT When we speak, we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpo in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces. LLOCUTIONARY FORCE(行事语力) is equivalent to speaker’消极的s meaning, contextual meaning, or extra meaning(言外之意).
