Exercis for Lecture 1 Introduction
2009年09月20日 15:05
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1. By ‘scientific’ is meant linguistics is bad on the systematicphysical是什么意思 investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
2. In his study of a language a linguist usually tries to collect and obrve language facts, make generalizations, formulate hypothes, and fully prove the validity of the hypothes.
3. General linguistics deals with the study of language as a whole.
4. General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to tho branches of study which relate linguistics to the rearch of other areas.
5. The difference between general linguistics and a linguistic branch such as mantics lies in the fact that general linguistics studies language as a whole, whereas a linguistic branch such as mantics deals with the particular area. For instance, mantics studies the particular aspect of language, or meaningdj的意思.
6. Linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphologynasha, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and applied linguistics and so on.
7. There are different independent branches of linguistics becau language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets, so it is hardly possible for the linguists to deal with it all at once. They have to concentrate on one aspect of it at a time.
8. Phonetics is the study of sounds ud in linguistic communication.
9. Phonology deals with how sounds are put together and ud to convey meaning in communication.
10. Morphology is the study of the way in which linguistic symbols are arranged and com
bined to form words.
11. Syntax is the study of the rules of the combination of words to form grammatically permissible ntences in languages.
12. Semantics is the study of meaning.
13. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language u.
14. Sociolinguistics is the study of the social aspects of language and its relation with society.
15. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relation of language to psychology.
16. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics. But in a narrow n applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and cond languages.
17. Descriptive linguistics is a linguistic study which aims to describe and analyze the language people actually u.
18. Prescriptive linguistics is a linguistic study which aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say.
19. Modern linguistics is mainly descriptive.
20. The aim of prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for “correct and standardcalculator” behavior in using language, or to t models for language urs to follow.
21. The task of modern linguistic is to describe the language people actually u, whether it is “correct” or not.
22. The difference between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics is that prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for language urs, whereas descriptive linguistics is to describe the language phenomena as they are. Therefore, the former is subjective, while
i forgive youthe latter is objective and more scientific.
23. Modern linguistics is suppod to be objective, becau it aims to describe language as it is.
guildhall24. Synchronic linguistics is the description of a language at some point of time in history.
25. Diachronic linguistics is the description of a language as it changes through time. It is also termed historical linguistics.
26. The difference between synchronic and d长沙英语翻译iachronic linguistics is that the former deals with language at some point of time in history, while the latter over a period of time.
27. Modern linguistics favors synchronic approach becau it is less difficult and concerned with the current existence of language.the majestic
28. The two major media of linguistic communication are speech新东方前途出国官网 and writing.
29. Modern linguistics regards as primary speech, or the spoken language.
30. F. de Saussure is regarded as the founder of modern linguistics.
