Unit,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Chemical,,,,,,,,,,Industry
化学工业
,,,,,,,,,,Although,,,,,the,,,,,u,,,,,of,,,,,chemicals,,,,,dates,,,,,back,,,,,to,,,,,the,,,,,ancient,,,,,civilization s,,,,,,the,,,,,evolution,,,,,of,,,,,what,,,,,we,,,,,know,,,,,as,,,,,the,,,,,modern,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry,,,,,st arted,,,,,much,,,,,more,,,,,recently.,,,,,It,,,,,may,,,,,be,,,,,considered,,,,,to,,,,,have,,,,,begun,,,,,during,,, ,,the,,,,,Industrial,,,,,Revolution,,,,,,about,,,,,1800,,,,,,and,,,,,developed,,,,,to,,,,,provide,,,,,chemicals ,,,,,roe,,,,,u,,,,,by,,,,,other,,,,,industries.,,,,,Examples,,,,,are,,,,,alkali,,,,,for,,,,,soapmaking,,,,,,bleac hing,,,,,powder,,,,,for,,,,,cotton,,,,,,and,,,,,silica,,,,,and,,,,,sodium,,,,,carbonate,,,,,for,,,,,glassmaking., ,,,,It,,,,,will,,,,,be,,,,,noted,,,,,that,,,,,the,,,,,are,,,,,all,,,,,inorganic,,,,,chemicals.,,,,,The,,,,,organic,,,, ,chemicals,,,,,industry,,,,,started,,,,,in,,,,,the,,,,,1860s,,,,,with,,,,,the,,,,,exploitation,,,,,of,,,,,William,, ,,,He
nry,,,,,Perkin‘s,,,,,discovery,,,,,if,,,,,the,,,,,first,,,,,synthetic,,,,,dyestuff—mauve.,,,,,At,,,,,the,,,,, start,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,twentieth,,,,,century,,,,,the,,,,,emphasis,,,,,on,,,,,rearch,,,,,on,,,,,the,,,,,applied,,, ,,aspects,,,,,of,,,,,chemistry,,,,,in,,,,,Germany,,,,,had,,,,,paid,,,,,off,,,,,handsomely,,,,,,and,,,,,by,,,,,191 4,,,,,had,,,,,resulted,,,,,in,,,,,the,,,,,German,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry,,,,,having,,,,,75%,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,w orld,,,,,market,,,,,in,,,,,chemicals.,,,,,This,,,,,was,,,,,bad,,,,,on,,,,,the,,,,,discovery,,,,,of,,,,,new,,,,,dy estuffs,,,,,plus,,,,,the,,,,,development,,,,,of,,,,,both,,,,,the,,,,,contact,,,,,process,,,,,for,,,,,sulphuric,,,,,a cid,,,,,and,,,,,the,,,,,Haber,,,,,process,,,,,for,,,,,ammonia.,,,,,The,,,,,later,,,,,required,,,,,a,,,,,major,,,,,te chnological,,,,,breakthrough,,,,,that,,,,,of,,,,,being,,,,,able,,,,,to,,,,,carry,,,,,out,,,,,chemical,,,,,reactio ns,,,,,under,,,,,conditions,,,,,of,,,,,very,,,,,high,,,,,pressure,,,,,for,,,,,the,,,,,first,,,,,time.,,,,,The,,,,,expe rience,,,,,gained,,,,,with,,,,,this,,,,,was,,,,,to,,,,,stand,,,,,Germany,,,,,in,,,,,good,,,,,stead,,,,,,particularl y,,,,,with,,,,,the,,,,,rapidly,,,,,incread,,,,,demand,,,,,for,,,,,nitrogen-bad,,,,,compounds,,,,,(ammon ium,,,,,salts,,,,,for,,,,,fertilizers,,,,,and,,,,,nitric,,,,,acid,,,,,for,,,,,explosives,,,,,manufacture),,,,,with,,,, ,the,,,,,outbreak,,,,,of,,,,,world,,,,,warⅠin,,,,,1914.,,,,,This,,,,,initiated,,,,,profound,,,,,changes,,,,,which,,,,,continued,,,,,during,,,,,the,,,,,inter -war,,,,,years,,,,,(1918-1939).
1．化学工业的起源
尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始
的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3.,,,,，我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William,,,,,Henry,,,,,Perkin,,,,，发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一
次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。
date,,,,,bake,,,,,to/from:,,,,，回溯到
dated:,,,,，过时的，陈旧的
stand,,,,,sb.,,,,,in,,,,,good,,,,,stead:,,,,，对。。。很有帮助
Since,,,,,1940,,,,,the,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry,,,,,has,,,,,grown,,,,,at,,,,,a,,,,,remarkable,,,,,rate,,,,,, althou
建筑师资格证怎么考gh,,,,,this,,,,,has,,,,,slowed,,,,,significantly,,,,,in,,,,,recent,,,,,years.,,,,,The,,,,,lion‘s,,,,,share,,,,, of,,,,,this,,,,,growth,,,,,has,,,,,been,,,,,in,,,,,the,,,,,organic,,,,,chemicals,,,,,ctor,,,,,due,,,,,to,,,,,the,,,,, development,,,,,and,,,,,growth,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,petrochemicals,,,,,area,,,,,since,,,,,1950s.,,,,,The,,,,,exp losives,,,,,growth,,,,,in,,,,,petrochemicals,,,,,in,,,,,the,,,,,1960s,,,,,and,,,,,1970s,,,,,was,,,,,largely,,,,,d ue,,,,,to,,,,,the,,,,,enormous,,,,,increa,,,,,in,,,,,demand,,,,,for,,,,,synthetic,,,,,polymers,,,,,such,,,,,as,, ,,,polyethylene,,,,,,polypropylene,,,,,,nylon,,,,,,polyesters,,,,,and,,,,,epoxy,,,,,resins.
1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大大减慢。化学工业的发展由于1950年以来石油化学领域的研究和开发大部分在有机化学方面取得。石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛发展主要是由于人们对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨大增加。
The,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry,,,,,today,,,,,is,,,,,a,,,,,very,,,,,diver,,,,,ctor,,,,,of,,,,,manufacturin g,,,,,industry,,,,,,within,,,,,which,,,,,it,,,,,plays,,,,,a,,,,,central,,,,,role.,,,,,It,,,,,makes,,,,,thousands,,,,,o f,,,,,different,,,,,chemicals,,,,,which,,,,,the,,,,,general,,,,,public,,,,,only,,,,,usually,,,,,encounter,,,,,as,,, ,,end,,,,,or,,,,,consumer,,,,,products.,,,,,The,,,,,products,,,,,are,,,,,purchad,,,,,becau,,,,,they,,,,,h ave,,,,,the,,,,,required,,,,,properties,,,,,which,,,,,make,,,,,them,,,,,suitable,,,,,for,,,,,some,,,,,particular, ,,,,application,,,,,,e.g.,,,,,a,,,,,non-stick,,,,,coating,,,,,for,,,,,pans,,,,,or,,,,,a,,,,,weedkiller.,,,,,Thus,,,,,ch e
micals,,,,,are,,,,,ultimately,,,,,sold,,,,,for,,,,,the,,,,,effects,,,,,that,,,,,they,,,,,produce.,,,,,
今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门，并且在制造业中起着核心的作用。它生产了数千种不同的化学产品，而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品。这些产品被购买是因为他们具有某些性质适合（人们）的一些特别的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂。这些化学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用而被购买的。
2.,,,,,Definition,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,Chemical,,,,,Industry
At,,,,,the,,,,,turn,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,century,,,,,there,,,,,would,,,,,have,,,,,been,,,,,little,,,,,difficulty,,,, ,in,,,,,defining,,,,,what,,,,,constituted,,,,,the,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry,,,,,since,,,,,only,,,,,a,,,,,very,,,,,li mited,,,,,range,,,,,of,,,,,products,,,,,was,,,,,manufactured,,,,,and,,,,,the,,,,,were,,,,,clearly,,,,,chemic als,,,,,,e.g.,,,,,,alkali,,,,,,sulphuric,,,,,acid.,,,,,At,,,,,prent,,,,,,however,,,,,,many,,,,,intermediates,,,,,t o,,,,,products,,,,,produced,,,,,,from,,,,,raw,,,,,materials,,,,,like,,,,,crude,,,,,oil,,,,,through,,,,,(in,,,,,som e,,,,,cas),,,,,many,,,,,intermediates,,,,,to,,,,,products,,,,,which,,,,,may,,,,,be,,,,,ud,,,,,directly,,,,,as, ,,,,consumer,,,,,goods,,,,,,or,,,,,readily,,,,,converted,,,,,into,,,,,them.,,,,,The,,,,,difficulty,,,,,cones,,,,,in ,,,,,deciding,,,,,at,,,,,which,,,,,point,,,,,in,,,,,this,,,,,quence,,,,,the,,,,,particular,,,,,operation,,,,,cea s,,,,,to,,,,,be,,,,,part,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry‘s,,,,,sphere,,,,,of,,,,,activities.,,,,,To,,,,,consid er,
,,,,a,,,,,specific,,,,,example,,,,,to,,,,,illustrate,,,,,this,,,,,dilemma,,,,,,emulsion,,,,,paints,,,,,may,,,,,co ntain,,,,,poly,,,,,(vinyl,,,,,chloride),,,,,/,,,,,poly,,,,,(vinyl,,,,,acetate).,,,,,Clearly,,,,,,synthesis,,,,,of,,,,,v
inyl,,,,,chloride,,,,,(or,,,,,acetate),,,,,and,,,,,its,,,,,polymerization,,,,,are,,,,,chemical,,,,,activities.,,,,,H owever,,,,,,if,,,,,formulation,,,,,and,,,,,mixing,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,paint,,,,,,including,,,,,the,,,,,polymer,,,,,, is,,,,,carried,,,,,out,,,,,by,,,,,a,,,,,branch,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,multinational,,,,,chemical,,,,,company,,,,,whic h,,,,,manufactured,,,,,the,,,,,ingredients,,,,,,is,,,,,this,,,,,still,,,,,part,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,chemical,,,,,industr y,,,,,of,,,,,does,,,,,it,,,,,mow,,,,,belong,,,,,in,,,,,the,,,,,decorating,,,,,industry?
2．化学工业的定义
在本世纪初，要定义什么是化学工业是不太困难的，因为那时所生产的化学品是很有限的，而且是非常清楚的化学品，例如，烧碱，硫酸。然而现在有数千种化学产品被生产，从一些原料物质像用于制备许多的半成品的石油，到可以直接作为消费品或很容易转化为消费品的商品。困难在于如何决定在一些特殊的生产过程中哪一个环节不再属于化学工业的活动范畴。举一个特殊的例子来描述一下这种困境。乳剂漆含有聚氯乙烯/聚醋酸乙烯。显然，氯乙烯（或醋酸乙烯）的合成以及聚合是化学活动。然而，如果这种漆，包括高聚物，它的配制和混合是由一家制造配料的跨国化学公司完成的话，那它仍然是属于化学工业呢还是应当归属于装饰工业中去呢？
It,,,,,is,,,,,therefore,,,,,apparent,,,,,that,,,,,,becau,,,,,of,,,,,its,,,,,diversity,,,,,of,,,,,operations,,,,, and,,,,,clo,,,,,links,,,,,in,,,,,many,,,,,areas,,,,,with,,,,,other,,,,,industries,,,,,,there,,,,,is,,,,,no,,,,,simpl e,,,,,definition,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry.,,,,,Instead,,,,,each,,,,,official,,,,,body,,,,,which,,,,, collects,,,,,and,,,,,publishes,,,,,statistics,,,,,on,,,,,manufacturing,,,,,industry,,,,,will,,,,,have,,,,,its,,,,,d efinition,,,,,as,,,,,to,,,,,which,,,,,operations,,,,,are,,,,,classified,,,,,as,,,,,the,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry.,,,,, It,,,,,is,,,,,important,,,,,to,,,,,bear,,,,,this,,,,,in,,,,,mind,,,,,when,,,,,comparing,,,,,statistical,,,,,informat ion,,,,,which,,,,,is,,,,,derived,,,,,from,,,,,veral,,,,,sources.,,,,,etc是什么
因此，很明显，由于化学工业经营的种类很多并在很多领域与其它工业有密切的联系，所以不能对它下一个简单的定义。相反的每一个收集和出版制造工业统计数据的官方机构都会对如何届定哪一类操作为化学工业有自己的定义。当比较来自不同途径的统计资料时，记住这点是很重要的。
3.,,,,,The,,,,,Need,,,,,for,,,,,Chemical,,,,,Industry
The,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry,,,,,is,,,,,concerned,,,,,with,,,,,converting,,,,,raw,,,,,materials,,,,,,suc h,,,,,as,,,,,crude,,,,,oil,,,,,,firstly,,,,,into,,,,,chemical,,,,,intermediates,,,,,and,,,,,then,,,,,into,,,,,a,,,,,tre mendous,,,,,variety,,,,,of,,,,,other,,,,,chemicals.,,,,,The,,,,,are,,,,,then,,,,,ud,,,,,to,,,,,produce,,,,,co nsumer,,,,,products,,,,,,which,,,,,make,,,,,our,,,,,lives,,,,,more,,,,,comfortable,,,,,or,,,,,,in,,,,,some,,,,,c a广州培训学校
s,,,,,such,,,,,as,,,,,pharmaceutical,,,,,produces,,,,,,help,,,,,to,,,,,maintain,,,,,our,,,,,well-being,,,,,or, ,,,,even,,,,,life,,,,,itlf.,,,,,At,,,,,each,,,,,stage,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,operations,,,,,value,,,,,is,,,,,added,,,,,to ,,,,,the,,,,,produce,,,,,and,,,,,provided,,,,,this,,,,,added,,,,,exceeds,,,,,the,,,,,raw,,,,,material,,,,,plus,,,,,p rocessing,,,,,costs,,,,,then,,,,,a,,,,,profit,,,,,will,,,,,be,,,,,made,,,,,on,,,,,the,,,,,operation.,,,,,It,,,,,is,,,,,th e,,,,,aim,,,,,of,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry,,,,,to,,,,,achieve,,,,,this.
is3．对化学工业的需要
化学工业涉及到原材料的转化，如石油,,,,，首先转化为化学中间体，然后转化为数量众多的其它化学产品。这些产品再被用来生产消费品，这些消费品可以使我们的生活更为舒适或者作药物维持人类的健康或生命。在生产过程的每一个阶段，都有价值加到产品上面，只要这些附加的价值超过原材料和加工成本之和，这个加工就产生了利润。而这正是化学工业要达到的目的。
It,,,,,may,,,,,em,,,,,strange,,,,,in,,,,,textbook,,,,,this,,,,,one,,,,,to,,,,,po,,,,,the,,,,,question,,,,,―pnc
do,,,,,we,,,,,need,,,,,a,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry?‖,,,,,However,,,,,trying,,,,,to,,,,,answer,,,,,this,,,,,questi on,,,,,will,,,,,provide(ⅰ),,,,,an,,,,,indication,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,range,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,chemical,,,,,indus try‘s,,,,,activities,,,,,,(ⅱ),,,,,its,,,,,influence,,,,,on,,,,,our,,,,,lives,,,,,in,,,,,everyday,,,,,terms,,,,,,and,,,,,(ⅲ),,,,,how,,,,,great,,,,,is,,,,,society‘s,,,,,need,,,,,for,,,,,a,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry.,,,,,Our,,,,,approach,,,,,i
n,,,,,answering,,,,,the,,,,,question,,,,,will,,,,,be,,,,,to,,,,,consider,,,,,the,,,,,industry‘s,,,,,contribution,,,, ,to,,,,,meeting,,,,,and,,,,,satisfying,,,,,our,,,,,major,,,,,needs.,,,,,What,,,,,are,,,,,the?,,,,,Clearly,,,,,foo d,,,,,(and,,,,,drink),,,,,and,,,,,health,,,,,are,,,,,paramount.,,,,,Other,,,,,which,,,,,we,,,,,shall,,,,,consider, ,,,,in,,,,,their,,,,,turn,,,,,are,,,,,clothing,,,,,and,,,,,(briefly),,,,,shelter,,,,,,leisure,,,,,and,,,,,transport.finder是什么意思
在这样的一本教科书中提出：“我们需要化学工业吗？”这样一个问题是不是有点奇怪呢？然而，先回答下面几个问题将给我们提供一些信息：（1）化学工业的活动范围，（2）化学工业对我们日常生活的影响，（3）社会对化学工业的需求有多大。在回答这些问题的时候我们的思路将要考虑化学工业在满足和改善我们的主要需求方面所做的贡献。是些什么需求呢？很显然，食物和健康是放在第一位的。其它我们要考虑的按顺序是衣物、住所、休闲和旅行。
(1),,,,,Food.,,,,,The,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry,,,,,makes,,,,,a,,,,,major,,,,,contribution,,,,,to,,,,,food, ,,,,production,,,,,in,,,,,at,,,,,least,,,,,three,,,,,ways.,,,,,Firstly,,,,,,by,,,,,making,,,,,available,,,,,large,,,,,q uantities,,,,,of,,,,,artificial,,,,,fertilizers,,,,,which,,,,,are,,,,,ud,,,,,to,,,,,replace,,,,,the,,,,,elements,,,,,( mainly,,,,,nitrogen,,,,,,phosphorus,,,,,and,,,,,potassium),,,,,which,,,,,are,,,,,removed,,,,,as,,,,,nutrients ,,,,,by,,,,,the,,,,,growing,,,,,crops,,,,,during,,,,,modern,,,,,intensive,,,,,farming.,,,,,Secondly,,,,,,by,,,,, manufacturing,,,,,crop,,,,,protection,,,,,chemicals,,,,,,i.e.,,,,,,pesticides,,,,,,which,,,,,markedly,,,,,redu ce,,,,,the,,,,,proportion,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,crops,,,,,consumed,,,,,by,,,,,pests.,,,,,Thirdly,,,,,,by,,,,,producin g,,
,,,veterinary,,,,,products,,,,,which,,,,,protect,,,,,livestock,,,,,from,,,,,dia,,,,,or,,,,,cure,,,,,their,,,, ,infections.
(1)食物。化学工业对粮食生产所做的巨大贡献至少有三个方面。第一，提供大量可以获得的肥料以补充由于密集耕作被农作物生长时所带走的营养成分。（主要是氮、磷和钾）。第二，生产农作物保护产品，如杀虫剂，它可以显著减少害虫所消耗的粮食数量。第三，生产兽药保护家禽免遭疾病或其它感染的侵害。
(2),,,,,Health.,,,,,We,,,,,are,,,,,all,,,,,aware,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,major,,,,,contribution,,,,,which,,,,,the,,, ,,pharmaceutical,,,,,ctor,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,industry,,,,,has,,,,,made,,,,,to,,,,,help,,,,,keep,,,,,us,,,,,all,,,,,h ealthy,,,,,,e.g.,,,,,by,,,,,curing,,,,,bacterial,,,,,infections,,,,,with,,,,,antibiotics,,,,,,and,,,,,even,,,,,exten ding,,,,,life,,,,,itlf,,,,,,e.g.,,,,,ß–blockers,,,,,to,,,,,lower,,,,,blood,,,,,pressure.
ethical（2）健康。我们都很了解化学工业中制药这一块在维护我们的身体健康甚至延长寿命方面所做出的巨大贡献，例如，用抗生素治疗细菌感染，用β-抗血栓降低血压。
(3),,,,,Clothing.,,,,,The,,,,,improvement,,,,,in,,,,,properties,,,,,of,,,,,modern,,,,,synthetic,,,,,fiber s,,,,,over,,,,,the,,,,,traditional,,,,,clothing,,,,,materials,,,,,(e.g.,,,,,cotton,,,,,and,,,,,wool),,,,,has,,,,,been ,,,,,quite,,,,,remarkable.,,,,,Thus,,,,,shirts,,,,,,dress,,,,,and,,,,,suits,,,,,made,,,,,from,,,,,polyesters,,,,,l
ike,,,,,Terylene,,,,,and,,,,,polyamides,,,,,like,,,,,Nylon,,,,,are,,,,,crea-resistant,,,,,,machine-washabl e,,,,,,and,,,,,drip-dry,,,,,or,,,,,non-iron.,,,,,They,,,,,are,,,,,also,,,,,cheaper,,,,,than,,,,,natural,,,,,material s.
fash
flat衣物。在传统的衣服面料上，现代合成纤维性质的改善也是非常显著的。用聚脂如涤纶或聚酰胺如尼龙所制作的T恤、上衣、衬衫抗皱、可机洗，晒干自挺或免烫，也比天然面料便宜。
Parallel,,,,,developments,,,,,in,,,,,the,,,,,discovery,,,,,of,,,,,modern,,,,,synthetic,,,,,dyes,,,,,and,,,, ,the,,,,,technology,,,,,to,,,,,―bond‖,,,,,them,,,,,to,,,,,the,,,,,fiber,,,,,has,,,,,resulted,,,,,in,,,,,a,,,,,tremend ous,,,,,increa,,,,,in,,,,,the,,,,,variety,,,,,of,,,,,colors,,,,,available,,,,,to,,,,,the,,,,,fashion,,,,,designer.,,,, ,Indeed,,,,,they,,,,,now,,,,,span,,,,,almost,,,,,every,,,,,color,,,,,and,,,,,hue,,,,,of,,,,,the,,,,,visible,,,,,spec trum.,,,,,Indeed,,,,,if,,,,,a,,,,,suitable,,,,,shade,,,,,is,,,,,not,,,,,available,,,,,,structural,,,,,modification,,,, ,of,,,,,an,,,,,existing,,,,,dye,,,,,to,,,,,achieve,,,,,this,,,,,can,,,,,readily,,,,,be,,,,,carried,,,,,out,,,,,,provide d,,,,,there,,,,,is,,,,,a,,,,,satisfactory,,,,,market,,,,,for,,,,,the,,,,,product.
与此同时，现代合成染料开发和染色技术的改善使得时装设计师们有大量的色彩可以利用。的确他们几乎利用了可见光谱中所有的色调和色素。事实上如果某种颜色没有现成的，只要这种产品确有市场，就可以很容易地通过对现有的色彩进行结构调整而获得。
Other,,,,,major,,,,,advances,,,,,in,,,,,this,,,,,sphere,,,,,have,,,,,been,,,,,in,,,,,color-fastness,,,,,,i.e., ,,,,,re
sistance,,,,,to,,,,,the,,,,,dye,,,,,being,,,,,washed,,,,,out,,,,,when,,,,,the,,,,,garment,,,,,is,,,,,cleaned.
这一领域中另一些重要进展是不褪色，即在洗涤衣物时染料不会被洗掉。
(4),,,,,Shelter,,,,,,leisure,,,,,and,,,,,transport.,,,,,In,,,,,terms,,,,,of,,,,,shelter,,,,,the,,,,,contribution, ,,,,of,,,,,modern,,,,,synthetic,,,,,polymers,,,,,has,,,,,been,,,,,substantial.,,,,,Plastics,,,,,are,,,,,tending,,,, ,to,,,,,replace,,,,,traditional,,,,,building,,,,,materials,,,,,like,,,,,wood,,,,,becau,,,,,they,,,,,are,,,,,lighte r,,,,,,maintenance-free,,,,,(i.e.,,,,,they,,,,,are,,,,,resistant,,,,,to,,,,,weathering,,,,,and,,,,,do,,,,,not,,,,,nee d,,,,,painting).,,,,,Other,,,,,polymers,,,,,,e.g.,,,,,urea-formaldehyde,,,,,and,,,,,polyurethanes,,,,,,are,,,,, important,,,,,insulating,,,,,materials,,,,,for,,,,,reducing,,,,,heat,,,,,loss,,,,,and,,,,,hence,,,,,reducing,,, ,,energy,,,,,usage.
（4）住所，休闲和旅游。讲到住所方面现代合成高聚物的贡献是巨大的。塑料正在取代像木材一类的传统建筑材料，因为它们更轻，免维护（即它们可以抵抗风化，不需油漆）。另一些高聚物，比如，脲甲醛和聚脲，是非常重要的绝缘材料可以减少热量损失因而减少能量损耗。哈利波特小说下载
Plastics,,,,,and,,,,,polymers,,,,,have,,,,,made,,,,,a,,,,,considerable,,,,,impact,,,,,on,,,,,leisure,,,,,ac tivities,,,,,with,,,,,applications,,,,,ranging,,,,,from,,,,,all-weather,,,,,artificial,,,,,surfaces,,,,,for,,,,,athl etic,,,,,tracks,,,,,,football,,,,,pitches,,,,,and,,,,,tennis,,,,,courts,,,,,to,,,,,nylon,,,,,strings,,,,,for,,,,,racque t
s,,,,,and,,,,,items,,,,,like,,,,,golf,,,,,balls,,,,,and,,,,,footballs,,,,,made,,,,,entirely,,,,,from,,,,,synthetic,,, ,,materials.
塑料和高聚物的应用对休闲活动有很重要的影响，从体育跑道的全天候人造篷顶，足球和网球的经纬线，到球拍的尼龙线还有高尔夫球的元件，还有制造足球的合成材料。
Likewi,,,,,the,,,,,chemical,,,,,industry‘s,,,,,contribution,,,,,to,,,,,transport,,,,,over,,,,,the,,,,,yea
