英语动词的基本形式及练习
一.概述
动词(verb)是表示动作或状态的词。如：表示动作的动词go, do, write, work, like, enter等；表示状态的动词be, keep, feel, sound 等。
二、动词的分类
1、单个动词和短语动词
根据构词方式，动词分为单个动词和短语动词。
(1)单个动词：由一个单词构成。如；come, go, brush, hope, need等。
If anybody calls, tell them 1' m out, and ask them to leave their ntime and address.如果冇人打电话，告诉他我出去了，请他留下姓名和地址。
The taxi driver often reminds pasngers to take their beIongings when they leave the car. 出租汽车司机提醒顾客临下车时带走他们的物品。
—
Do you think the Stars will beat the Bull史你认为明星队会打败公牛队吗？
— Yes. They heive better players, so 1 expect them to win.会的。他们冇更好的队员，所以我预料他们会赢。
They watched the train until i t disappeared in the di stance.他们注视着火车宜到消失在远方。Al 1 the leading newspapers reported the trade talks between China and the United States. 各大主要报纸都报道了中美两国贸易谈判的消息。
(2)短语动词：由两个或两个以上单词构成。短语动词常冇以下几种组合：
①动词+副词
动词+away, back, out, ahead, forward, aside, up, on, over, off 等构成的动词短语，如：t up, put on, give up, bring out, make oul 等。
“及物动词+副词”相当于一个及物动词；如果其宾语是名词，则既可插在动词和副词Z间。也可放在副词后面；若其宾语为人称代词，则须把宾语置于动词和副词之间，其后必须冇宾语。常见的短语：back up 支持，blow up 炸毁，call off 取消，bring up 抚养，cut off 切断carry out 执行，give away送掉，分发，放弃，泄露，出卖，让步，陷下，find out查明，hand in上交，give up放弃，look up 查找，
hand out 分发，make up 构成，make out 认出，point out■指出，pick up 拣起，put forward 提岀，put off 取消，ring up 打电话，put on 穿上，sot off 出发，e off 送行，t up 建立，t aside 留出，宣告无效,take off脱下,take in 吸收，受骗
“不及物动词+副词”相当于一个不及物动词，这种动词结构不能接底语，也不用于被动语态。常见的短语：break down毁掉，制服，压倒，停顿，倒塌，中止，come to苏醒,die away逐渐消失,drop out 退岀，give in 让步，grow up 长大，knock off 停工，look out 当心，pass away 去世，runout 耗尽，show off 炫耀,turn up III 现，fall through 失败，fall out 争吵，pass out 死，不复存在，blow over 结束，come off 成功，look up 改进，冇起色，come out 开花，make off 逃跑，fall back 后退，make up和好，fall off下降，catch on理解，pul 1 up 停下,crop up发生，出现
We thought the matter over.
或：Wc thought over the matter.我仔细考虑过这个问题。
She put it on tind went out.她穿上它出去了。
而不能：She put on it and went out.
金酸莓奖News reports say peace talks between the two countries have broken dewn with no agreement reac
hed. 有消息报道那两个国家的和平谈判没达成任何协议而失败。
We didn' t plan our art exhibition like that but it worked out very well.我们原本没冇计划那样搞艺展，但效果不错。
Nobody noticed the thief slip into the hou becau the 1 ights happened to go out.没人注意
到小偷溜进房了因为恰巧灯熄了。
She looked up his number in the phone book to make sure that she held got it right・女也在电话簿里查看他的号码來核实她的号码是否准确。英语培训韦博
Tt is wi to have some money put away for old age.为晚年存点钱是明智的。
T can hardly hear the radio. Would you plea turn it up?我听不到收音机的声音，请你把音量调大点。
②动词+介词
动词+at, for, from, into, of, to , with等，构成的动词短语总是介词型的。这类动词相当于一个及物动词，宾语只能放在介词后面，不能放在动词与介词之间。常见的短语：
act on 按.... 釆取行动，account for 说明，apply for 屮请，amount to 等于,believe in 信仰，
attend to 关照,break through 冲破，break into 闯入,come across 遇见,consist of 由 ............. 组成，
deal with 对付，处理，do without 废除，improve upon 改进,insist on 坚持，complai n of (about) 抱怨，look after 照料，look into 调查，object to 反对，operate on 手术，read of 读到，approve of 赞成，满意，dream of 梦到，conceive of 想象，add to 增加，adjust to 适应，admit to 承认，al low for 允许,agree on (with, to)同意,aim at 瞄准,argue about 争辩,arrange for 安排,ask for要求，call on访问,agree on对...达成协议；对.••取得一致意见,care for喜欢,concentrate on 集中,contribute to 贡献，hear of (about)听说，hope for 希望,insist on 坚持，listen to 听，work on从事于，致力于，go over复习，speak of说起，think about考虑，think of考虑，关心，想起，refer to査阅，提到，谈到，打听，break into破门而入，侵占，rely on依靠,provide for 提供，pay for付款,live on靠............................ 生存等。
We are thinking of going to France.我们考虑到法国去。
The teacher told us to look at the blackboard.老师叫我们看黑板。
isir③动词+副词+介词
这类结构的短语动词相当于一个及物动词。常见的短语：catch up with赶上，go in for从事，come down with 患病，look down upon 轻视，date back to 追溯到，look up to 尊敬，get away with 逃避惩罚，keep away from，避免，get along wi th/get on with，与................................... 相处break away from 脱离,
stand up for 包圉，支持，go on with 继续，put up with 忍受，live up to 不负于，实现，sit in on 旁听,look forward to 期望,watch out for 留神,make up for 补偿，check up on 核对，调査, run out of 用光，come in for 得到，受到，check out of 付账离开，drop out of 推get away with 成功，逃避，fill in for代替，get through理解，打通电话，come up to达到，符合，listen in to 听广播，get back at 报仇，hold on lo 抓住，keep up wi讣跟上，come up wilh 得出，get through with 完成，cut down on 减少，read up to 专攻，研究，do away with 废除，break in on 打扰，get down to 认冀从事，look in on 访问，看望，face up to 面对，look out for 警惕，turn out for ill 席等。
天译翻译We thought of i ling this old fur niture ・ But ve decided to hold on to it. Tt might be valuable. 我们本想把ILI家具卖掉，可是我们还是决定继续保留下它。这家具说不定挺值钱的。
Wc will live up to what our parents expect of us.我们决不辜负父母亲对我们的期望。
1 can't put up with your hypocrisy ciny more.我再也不能容忍你的虚伪态度了。
④动词+名词(+介词)
这类短语动词相当于及物动词，需要跟宾语，既可以作谓语动词，也可以作非谓语动词，这类短语动词人多可以构成被动语态，而口常有两种构成方式：把短语动词中的名词作为被动语态的主语；把短语动词
后的介词宾语作为被动语态的主语。
常见的短语:catch sight of 看见，draw one y s attention IR引......... 注意力，get rid of 摆脱,make much of 重视，keep an eye on 留意,lay foundation for 为........ 打基础，make fun of 取笑，keep pace
with 赶上,make u of 利用,lay hold of 抓住,pay attention to 注意，lay emphasis (stress) on 强调，ttike care of 照顾，make a iness of 弄糟，take pcirt in 参加，make mention of 捉到，find fault with 挑毛病，make a fool of 愚弄，
give ri to 引起，t fire to 放火，lo sight of 看不见，make friends with 交友，take account of 考虑，put an end to 结束，take head of 注意，take advantage of 利用，take hold of 抓住,take not ice of 注意到,take exception of 开除等。The hous were t fire to by the enemy soldiers.那些房了被敌军放火烧了。
Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themlves.节约便士，英镑自然会积累起来。
To this he didn' t pay the slightest attention.这件事一点也没有引起他的注意。
⑤be+形容词I介词：
be sure of (about)确定，be fond of 喜欢，be ud to 习惯，be worthy of 值得等。vigaa
He is fond of music.他喜欢音乐。
1 have been ud to the 1 ife her.我已经习惯这里的生活了。
2、行为动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词
从其含义来分，动词可分为行为动词(notional verb) 连系动词(link verb) ＞情态动词(modal verb)
和助动词(auxi 1 iary verb)四类:
（1）行为动词：有完整的意义，能独立作谓语的动词。
①及物动词
及物动词可以冇宾语，可以由被动语态，如make, build, open等。
Watch him and then try to copy what he does.注意观看他，然后试着照他做的去做。
As we joined the big crowd T got parated from my friends.当我们进入人群吋，我和我的友被分开了。
1 don't know the restaurant, but it's said to be quite a good one.我不了解那家饭店，但据说是一家很好的饭店。
T rang the bell.我按了铃。
②不及物动词
Let Harry play with your toys as well , Clare —you must learn to share.让哈里斯也玩你的玩具，克莱尔，你必须学会分享。
英语同声翻译
She ran faster than him.她比他跑得快。
-What did you think of her speech?你认为她的讲演怎么样？
-She spoke for one hour but didn't say much.她讲了一小时，但并没说出多少（事）。
③动作动词
a.活动动词
这类动词表示各种活动，可用于进行时态，如：do, play, ask, drink, rain等。
The children were playing with a bal 1.孩子们在玩球。
Would you like sth. to drink?你想喝点什么吗？
b.过程动词
ox是什么意思这类动词表示情况的改变，可用于进行时态，如turn, become, grow, change等。
This design of resident buildings is becoming / getting fashionable.这种住宅楼的设计正在逐渐流行起来。
Nothing will change him, and he will always be the same.什么也改变不了他，他始终是那个样子。注意：非延续性动词不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。
He has joined the club for a long time.（误）
He has been a member of the club for a long time.他加入俱乐部很长时间了。（正）
④状态动词
状态动词表示非活动性的静止状态，不用于进行时态。但这些动词如果转义成为动态动词时可以用进行时态。
a.感官动词
e, feel, hear, taste, smell等，这类动词表示不自觉的、无意义的活动。
I e a picture on the wall.我看见墙上有一幅倆。
I heard a loud noi.我听见一声巨响。
b.心理、请感、状态动词
believe, consider, desire, dislike, doubt, forget, fear, hate, hope, imagine, know, like, love, mind, object, prefer, remember, suppo, think, understand, want, wish, worship, assume, care, envy, expect, regret, feel （=think）, find, mean, notice, interest 等，不用进行吋。
Mr. Smith was believed to be an accessory to the murder.史密斯被认为是该谋杀案的同犯。
1 hope that fortune may smile upon you.我希望幸运之神会向你微笑。
I regret to say 1 cannot come.很抱歉，我不能来（。
c.拥有、关系动词
belong to , consist of, contain, cost, derve, equal, obrve, fit, hold, equal, inelude, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, own, remain, require, apply, to, differ, stand for, have, exist, depend on, benefit from 等，不用于进行时态。
That book belongs to me.那木书属于我。
The United kingdom includes Northern Ireland and Wales.联合王国包括北爱尔兰和威尔dr。
He holds an important position at the bank.他在这家银行里担任一个重要的职务。
My husband and I hold conflicting opinions on this matter.对于这件事，我和丈夫的意见相左。
⑤心理使动词
所谓心理使动词是指那些使人产生某种心理反应、心理活动的动词。这类动词大都冇“使”的意思，但不是使役动词，是衣示使人感到怎样，使之产生某种（喜悦、恐怖、泪•丧等）心理活动。主语一般是物（偶尔可以是人），宾语只能是人；均有-ed和-ing形式，可以作定语和表语，动词的-ed形式作定语利表语时，主语或被其修饰的此应是表示人的名词。-ing形式作定语利表语时，主语或被其修饰的词应是表示物的名词；被动语态屮，使动者多由at, with, in about引导；-ed和-ing形式状态遺味强，冇些己经形容词化了，能HI rather, more, very, quite等副词修饰，ft 同feel, em等动词连用。
a.衣示激动、喜悅、满意
excite, thrill, flatter, fascinate, encourage, delight, plea, strike, satisfy, interest 等。
She was flattered eit the invitation.受到邀请她受宠若惊。
The story about a hero excited the little boys very much.那个英雄的故事使小男孩们兴奋不已。
b.农示惊讶、困惑
puzzle, frighten, bewilder, surpri, shock, horrify, confu, astonish, upt, disappoint,
amaze
This letter puzzles me.这封信使我迷惑不解・
His anger surprid me T had thought he was a calm person.他的愤怒使我很惊讶，我原來以为他是个冷静的人。
C.表示烦躁、厌恶
bore, distress, worry, depress, bother, annoy, irritate, trouble, tire
T* m bored with this job.我对这件工作厌烦了。
The comp 1 exi ties of 1 i fe bothered me.生活的杂乱事儿使我心烦。
(2)连系动词
连系动词木身冇词义，但须与表语结合充当谓语动词。
①连系动词冇三种词汇意义
a.表示某种持续的状态
常用词：rest, stand, 1 ie, continue, keep, stay, burn 等。
Keep quiet, plea!请安静！
The same remark stands good.这句话同样有效。
How cen you stay so cool，calm and collected after such a hot argument?这样一场激烈的争论过后，你怎么还能保持如此心平气和，镇静口若？
b.农示具有某种性质、特征和出于某种状态。
常用词：sit, smell, 1 ive, sound, mean, feel, em, appear, taste, awake, remain, stand 等。
I love to go to the aside in sunimcr. It feels good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool a. 夏夭我喜欢到海边去，躺在阳光下或在凉爽的海水里游泳我感到无比愉快。
The man emed ill.这个人好像病了。
c.表示动词的动作和过程所产生的结果或状态。
常用动词：go, grow, prove, turn, fall, become, come, turn out 等。
His wishes have come true.他的愿望变成了现实。
She became a doctor after graduation.毕业后她当了一名医生。
②系动词的五种语法结构
a.系动词+形容词before midnight
常用词：come, sound, look, feel, smell, fall, sit, turn, remain, taste, keep, prove, grow, go,
em, stand，等。
The bretid has gone bad.面包坏了。
成都英语学习This tea tastes sweet.这茶的味道很香。
b.系动词+名词
常用词：em, prove, remain, become, turn, fall 等。
Peter became a judge but John remained a fisherman.彼得当了法官，但约翰仍然是个渔民。
He turned teacher.他当老师了。(turn跟名词作表语，名词前不加冠词)
c.系动词+分词
常用词：come, become, get, feel, look, prove, em, appear, grow, pass, remain, get 等。
He looked worried today.今天她看上去很彳f急。
He became very excited.他很激动。
④系动词+介词短语
magicmarker常用词：sound, appear, smell, keep, prove, remain 等。
T went to the city, but my brother remained at home.我去了城市，可弟弟留在了家里。
The man appeared at ea.那个人看上去很安逸。
⑤系动词+副词
常用词：keep, prove, continue 等。
They kept together in the struggle.他们在战斗中紧密团结。
The girl flushed up at the words.那个姑娘听到这些话后脸红了。
(3)悄态动词：表示说话人对所说行为的看法，必须与其他动词一起构成谓语。详见第十四章悄态动词部分。
(4)助动词：助动词本身没有意义，不能独立作谓语，必须与其他动词一起构成谓语。表现于否定、疑问、强调以及吋态、语态、语气、人称和数等特征。详见第十四章助动词和情态动词部分。
3、谓语动词和非谓语动词
根据动词在句中能否作谓语，可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。
(1)谓语动词：能在句子中作谓语，并冇人称和数的变化。
T love our country.我爱我们的国家。
He is a teacher.他是一位教师。
