牛津小学英语
GUIDELINES
ar是什么ON STABILITY TESTING OF COSMETIC PRODUCTS
March 2004
雅思口语考试流程I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
拥挤英语
General
The purpo of stability testing cosmetic products is to ensure that a new or modified product meets the intended physical, chemical and microbiological quality standards as well as functionality and aesthetics when stored under appropriate conditions. Becau the development cycle of cosmetic products is relatively short, and also, in order that the testing activity does not become economically disproportionate in view of the multitude of product launches each year, each manufacturer must have at their disposal tests that are adapted to their activity. Each manufacturer should design their stability testing program such that it is reasonable and efficiently address the testing required.
This document aims to t out guidelines in order to predict and assure the stability of products in the market place. Its purpo is to aid manufacturers of cosmetic products in the lection and the refinement of the appropriate stability tests. Although this guideline can provide a helpful starting point, it is important that manufacturers carefully evaluate new products and technologies and, where appropriate, adapt their testing to reflect differences between product types and formulations.
However, all methods assuring the final stability of a cosmetic product against the categories cited in paragraph below, if it is at least equivalent to the recommendations of the following chapters, are considered as valid. Procedures must be put in place and documented within the manufacturer’s internal system.
General Stability of a Cosmetic Product
Whether conducted in real time or under accelerated conditions, tests should be done in order to assure:
• Stability and physical integrity of cosmetic products under appropriate conditions of storage, transport and u,
• Chemical stability,
• Microbiological stability,
• The compatibility between the contents and the container.
Moreover, concerning methodology, the manufacturer should, for each formula type, lect the pertinent criteria according to their experience and evaluate the at one or more temperatures. The evolution of the test parameters should then be judged by the corresponding expert and a decision made for each criterion on the basis of the company’s internal procedures and experience. An evaluation, bad on all of the criteria should then allow for the predicted or real stability of the product to be deduced.
Becau of the wide variety of cosmetic products and their inherent complexity, “standard” stability tests cannot be prescribed. Manufacturers, who have an intimate knowledge of their products and packages, require the flexibility to modify testing protocols and to build a sound scientific basis for asssing product stability. Thus, specific tests may be developed in order to predict possible evolutions of the product, to address new/ unusual technologies, or to be adapted to products having extended shelf lives.
Accelerated Stability Tests
Accelerated tests, developed becau of the relatively short development cycle for cosmetic products, enable the prediction of stability. A commonly accepted practice is to support the forecasts obtained from accelerated stability testing by carrying out periodic post-launch monitoring of retained samples stored at ambient temperatures. The resultant information can also be uful in further improving the product and in refining the methodology ud for accelerated stability testing.
2. DESIGNING A COSMETIC STABILITY STUDY
A stability study should include the following considerations (each of which will be discusd in more detail later):
• Identify tests that will “a ccelerate and predict” the effects of normal conditions of storage and u.
Where relevant, consider stress, including temperature, that will enable asssment of product integrity under anticipated product exposure conditions.
• Consider evaluation of critical aesthetic properties such as color, fragrance, texture, and flow, particularly after exposure to conditions designed to stress each specific property.
• Consider variation in process conditions.lafite
• Consider the impact of packaging on the contained product, as well as any effects which the product might have on the packaging.
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3. PREDICTING SHELF LIFE
There is very little generally-applicable published rearch to support specific accelerated methods for predicting cosmetic shelf life. Some of the reasons for this lack of information are:
• The variety and complexity of cosmetic formulas and packaging.
• The proprietary nature of many products and stability test methods.
• The variety of types of changes that need to be examined, including p hysical, chemical, microbial, functional or aesthetic changes.
“Accelerated” Conditions
Accelerated test conditions are internationally recognized as appropriately predicting product shelf life in many industries.
Appropriate conditions, for example with regard to temperature and/or duration, should be chon according to the product category and the in-hou know-how and should be bad on sound scientific judgment. Data acquired using various techniques at different temperatures and durations can be ud, possibly in conjunction with the u of mathematical models, to predict stability.
Tests are often performed at 37°C, 40°C or 45°C during 1, 2, 3…months but the temperature ud and the duration will depend on the product type. For instance, for certain product categories other temperatures may prove to be more uful.
Bad on the accelerated stability results and on its scientific experience, a company may then be able to predict the actual stability for given market conditions.
Scale-Up Stability Testing
In the early stages of product development, initial determinations of product stability can be made by testing samples from laboratory batches under appropriate conditions. As development progress, it may be necessary to make more preci determinations of probable stability by testing samples from batches manufactured with equipment reprentative of that which will be ud to manufacture the commercial product. Factors such as equipment type and configuration, process, batch size and product type need to be considered when developing a stability program. Shade and Fragrance Variations
It is advisable that stability tests include a reprentative range of shades and/or fragrances which are judged to reprent the stability extremes of the product. If any of the extremes yield results which are unsatisfactory or questionable, additional shades or fragrances should be tested.
In certain circumstances, It may be advisable to test all fragrance variations, becau fragrances are more likely to interact with the product than are color shades. Also, some cosmetics come in so many shade variations that testing all shades would not be practical.
fabPackaging
爱情哲理文章Packaging can directly affect finished product stability becau of interactions which can occur between the product, the package, and the external environment. Such interactions may include:
• Interactions between the product and the container (e.g. adsorption of product constituents into the container, corrosion, chemical reactions, migration);
• Barrier properties of the container (its effectiveness in protecting the contents from the adver effects of atmospheric oxygen and/or water vapor, and in ensuring the retention of water and other volatile product constituents).
Stability testing should include packaging which is made of exactly the same material(s) and is as similar as possible in all other respects to the package in which the product will be marketed. If the product will be marketed in veral different package types, it is advisable to study each package type. Where there is a range of package sizes, it is advisable to test the product in the smallest container. Appropriate controls (for example, product in glass containers) should be ud. It may also be advisable to test the packaged product in various orientations (upright, inverted, on its side, etc.)
Parameter variability during product shelf life
When designing a stability test protocol, it is important to bear in mind that as products age, their properties may c hange. Becau of this fact, stability testing may need to involve testing of properties beyond tho which will be evaluated for initial relea testing. The asssment of the following criteria is given as an example and is neither exhaustive nor a minimum requirement as the tests will depend on the product category and the packaging type:
ØColor, odor and appearance,
ØChanges in the container,
ØpH,
ØViscosity,
ØWeight changes
ØMicrobial tests demonstrating the ability of the products to prohibit microbial growth during normal u and other specific tests if necessary, ØAnalytical data in relation to other parameters for specific product types Confirmatory Monitoringsideshow
As a general rule, it is advisable to employ confirmatory (“real-time”) monitoring to gain additional assurance that the accelerated testing is truly predictive of market stability. Such monitoring should be carried out on the actual production product in the final package. Testing can be very simple (for example periodic visual monitoring of production retains stored at ambient temperature), or it can be more complex (conducting stability studies of production retains under controlled temperature conditions which parallel tho ud in the accelerated testing). Manufacturers may consider supplementing the information gained with such data as trade surveys and consumer feedback.
4. PREDICTING FUNCTIONALITY UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS
This ction describes approaches to predicting how well cosmetics will resist common stress such as temperature extremes and light. Typically, manufacturers determine whether to perform such specialized testing bad on the vulnerabilities of the particular cosmetic product and its anticipated shipping, storage, display and u conditions.句号英语
Temperature Variations and Extremes
Temperature cycling and/or “freeze-thaw” tests can reveal some types of inadequacies more quickly than can storage at a constant temperature. Freeze-thaw testing should be considered for certain ty
pes of products.
Examples of problems which can be detected by freeze-thaw testing include suspension problems (a tendency to crystallize or cloud), instability of emulsions and creams, package design issues (such as wrinkling or loss of labels, cracking or distortion), corrosion of internal lacquers in aluminum tubes, etc
As products can be expected to encounter temperature and pressure extremes during transport and storage, stability testing at the extremes should be considered, for example :
ØLow-temperature testing, as well as freeze/ thaw testing.
ØHigh-temperature testing.
Mechanical and Physical Tests
Mechanical shock testing is often conducted in order to determine whether or not shipping movements may damage the cosmetic and/or its packaging. Vibration testing can help to determine for example whether de-mixing (paration) of powders or granular products is likely to occur.
Light Stability
Cosmetics who packaging may allow the product to be expod to light should undergo light stability testing. The lighting ud in testing should simulate the intensity to which the cosmetic will likely be expod.
