punchin1
墓园挽歌:
托马斯·格雷(Thomas Gray,1716-1771)是感伤主义诗歌的代表诗人。他最著名的诗歌是便是《墓园
挽歌》,并因此同写过《死亡》(Nitht-Piece on Death,1721)的托马斯·帕达尔(Thomas Parnell, 1679-1718),
写过
《坟墓》(The Grave, 1743)的罗伯特·布莱尔(Robert Blair,1699-1746)和写过《夜思》(Night Thoughts,
1742)的爱德华·杨格(Edward Yong,1683-1765)等人一道被称为“墓园派诗人”。
《墓园挽歌》是“感伤主义”的代表作,常被批评家誉为十八世纪乃至英国历来最好的诗歌。这首诗有
factory mode着这样独特的地位,主要是因为它凝聚了每个时期中的某种社会情绪,用比较完美的形式表达了这种情绪,
在一定程度上解决了如何革新旧传统的问题,具有较高的艺术成就。
这首诗写诗人流连在乡村的墓园里,望着一座座平民百姓的墓石,他思考了狠毒。这些人默默无闻,劳
作终身,死后埋葬简陋的墓地里,他们身前也有过报复,经历过悲欢离合。回忆中,诗人对他们寄予深切的
同情,对骄奢淫逸的权贵做了温和的批评,并指出:不论身前多么荣华富贵,死亡对于每个人来说都是平等
的。既然大家殊途同归,人们就应该以一种豁达的态度来面对人生。
这首诗共32 节,每节有四行五步抑扬格组成,以abab 押韵。总体上来说,这首诗在形式上采用了古典主
义的格式,但在内容上却显示了感伤主义和浪漫主义的新特征。
诗人在晚钟时分步入墓园:
晚钟殷殷响,夕阳已西沉。
群牛呼叫归,迂回走草径。
农夫荷锄犁,倦倦回家门。
唯我立狂野,独自对黄昏。
(The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea, 扫地老太太
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.)
开头一段描写了天黑时分牧人赶着牛群徐徐入村,农人们经历了一天的劳累拖着疲惫的步伐回家的景象,
把恬静的乡村生活如风景画般的呈现在了我们面前。除了视觉上的感受之外,这四句诗同时也提供了宁静乡
村傍晚的交汇声响:在暮霭中回荡的晚钟,清脆悦耳的牛铃,组成了令人心宁神怡的交响乐。墓园里覆盖着
杉树,幽静而又肃穆。诗人在坟墓和碑牌中漫步,哀悼这些逝去的农人,感叹他们再也不能享受生前的简朴
无华而又充满亲情的生活:
熊熊炉中火,不为先人焚,
不复有主妇,殷勤理家政。
absurdity无复小儿女,趋奔迎父亲。
竞上慈父膝,偎爱又接吻
(For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn,
Or busy houwife ply her evening care:
No children run to lisp their sire's return,
Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share,)
这些乡村居民生来就愚笨无能吗?诗人感叹命运的不公:
多少珍宝石,灿烂放光芒。
埋藏大海底,美好无人赏。
多少鲜花朵,开在荒野上,
娇艳无人见,空自扬芬芳。
(Full many a gem of purest ray rene
缺点英文
The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear:
Full many a flower is born to blush unen,
And waste its sweetness on the dert air.)
他们中有出色的诗才,也有超过克伦威尔的领袖才能,但他们只是生不逢时,没有获得早就的机遇和条
件。在为他们操劳的一生感叹的时候,格雷笔锋一转,指出人世间的功名利禄只不过是过眼云烟,称赞这些
默默无闻的人们不受诱惑,诚实劳作:
岂似市朝人,纷争似癫狂。
纯朴爱宁静,安分守规章。
2
闲居幽谷中,穷乡又僻壤。
孤独寡见闻,默默度时光。
(Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife,
Their sober wishes never learn'd to stray;
Along the cool quester'd vale of life
They kept the noiless tenour of their way.)
但是诗人不会忘记他们,虽然墓碑上面都刻的是简单朴实的词句。有朝一日某个路人也许会像诗人一样
对他们感兴趣,会询问这些坟墓里的让你活着时候的情形。他会从某个“村中白发老翁嘴里得到这些农人一
生的故事:
“东方天欲晓,山头频见君。
足履青草露,快步向前行。
登上小山丘,来把朝阳迎。
“山上有老树,枝叶迎风摇。
树根成怪形,蜷曲有盘绕。
日中君困倦,树荫卧逍遥。
静看小溪水,潺潺起浪涛。
“山麓树林畔,时时独遨游。
遐想露笑容,低吟乐悠悠。
在线字典>亲爱的英文单词有时怀忧伤,面容见消瘦。
偷弹相思泪,黯暗怀春愁。
“某日晨光中,不见君行踪。
草原无人影,树下亦空空。
今日复明日,河边不相逢。
山上人杳然,不见入林中。
“亲友穿丧父,徐向教堂行。
作诗寄哀伤,送君如坟茔。
cardinal墓地老树下,黄土石碑新。
负责英文行人请一读,碑上有姓名。”
《墓园挽歌》之所以世代传颂,魅力不减,就在于他所涵盖的深刻的人生哲理以及洋溢于笔端、沁于心田的
对劳动众生的博爱之情。格雷不愧是世纪之交从古典主义是个向浪漫主义诗歌国度的重要
任务之一。
The poem has been ranked among the best of the 18th century English poetry.In order to create the atmosphere of melancholy, Gray us his own techniques:
1 Nature as a background for the display of emotion. (first 3 stanzas: a picture if twilight)----all the natural objects, either directly or by contrast, reflect the
mood of man----romantic melancholy.
2 Employment of some long vowels and diphthongs to create its own melancholic tone which permeates the whole elegy.(1st line)
makes me wonder3 U of end-stopped lines which sound firm and finished. The termination of the end-stopped lines beautifully enacts the completion of the things. This tech
nique of writing here hints that the lives of the poor come to an end.
Throughout the whole poem, the author shows his great sympathy for the poor, the lowly
and the unrenowned in the graves, while he express his unmist
akable censure upon the great, the powerful and the wealthy who in their lifetime have contempt for the common people or brought havoc to the country.
He stress the fact that death is inevitable and that everyone is equal before death no matter who he is.
Theme: It is a meditation on human mortality, the tragic dignity it gives to all mankind, & the stability & renity of rustic life. The Elegy lies in Gray's perf
ect expression of what all men feel about life & death. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life & the mysteries of human life with a touch of
his personal melancholy. The poet compares the ordinary people with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the c
hance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor & the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despi the poor & bring havoc on them
1. What is Gray’s opinion of high-born persons vis-a-vis the low-born?:the fate of tho who once held important offices, who have enjoyed beauty,