动词的语态
被动语态的构成: be + 动词的过去分词。其中助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化
被动语态可用于各种时态中:
一般现在时的被动语态:主语+ am/is/are +过去分词
一般过去时的被动语态:主语+was/were +过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态:主语+ will/shall + be +过去分词
过去将来时的被动语态:主语+would +be +过去分词
现在完成时的被动语态:主语+ have/has +been +过去分词
等待的英文 过去完成时的被动语态:主语+had +been +过去分词
现在进行时的被动语态:主语 + am/is/are +being +过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态:主语+ was/were +being +过去分词
将来完成时的被动语态:主语 + will/shall +have +been +过去分词
被动语态的使用场合:
1. 当我们不知道动作的执行者或没有必要说出动作的执行者
Goodbyes were said. 彼此告别了(没必要指出谁对谁告别)。
2. 当更有必要强调动作的承受者时
Theories must be combined with practice.
moviesoon理论必须联系实际(强调理论联系实际,不强调谁联系)。
3. 由于某种理由(如为了礼貌、婉转或便于组合句法关系)而需要使用被动语态
You are expected to finish it in time. 希望你及时把它完成。
被动语态和系表结构的区别:
被动语态表示的是动作,句子中的主语是动作的对象,句中可以用介词 “by”所引导的短语。而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态,一般没有介词“by”所引导的短语。
The book was written by a young writer. 这本书是一位青年作者写的(被动语态)。
The book is well written. 这本书写得很好(系表结构)。
表达被动意义的主动结构:
1. 可和well, easily等副词连用的不及物动词,如ll, wash, write, read, clean, cook等。
The new product lls well. 这新产品很畅销。
prepare的名词Your composition reads well. 你的作文读起来很好。
The pen writes well. 这钢笔好写。
The door won’t open. 这门打不开。
2. 新视野大学英语听说教程第三册答案连系动词bra什么意思taste, smell, sound, prove, feel, look, become, grow, turn, remain, stay, keep ,turn out(结果是,证明是)等等。
上海辅导班 This coat feels very soft and smooth.
The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来甜甜的。
The theory proved to be correct. 这个理论证明是正确的。
We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite turn out as planned.(04浙江)
这时:(1)句子的主语通常指物。(2)用来表示主语的内在品质、特征、状态或性质。(3) 通常和副词easily, well, quickly, smoothly, badly, poorly, nicely, wonderfully, perfectly, comfortably等连用
This novel doesn’t ll well. 这本小说销售不畅。(是小说本身的原因)
The novels have not been sold. 这些小说没有销出去。(由于其它原因没有卖出去,与小说本身无关)
The door won’t lock.门锁不上。(门本身有毛病)
The door wasn’t locked.门没锁。(人没把门锁上,与门本身无关)
The text teaches well. 这篇课文好教。(由于课文本身的内容才使得这课文“好教” )
The text is not taught well. 这篇课文没有教好。(与课文本身无关,问题是动作执行者没有把课文教好。
3. 某些动词、短语和句型中:last, happen, take place, break out, belong to, come up ,run out , cost, spread,come(传来), come out(出版), come up, come true, give out, suit, fit, add up(to),catch fire, measure, weigh,
Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 我的家乡已发生了巨大的变化。
It is known that Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知,台湾属于中国。
The accident happened yesterday. 事故发生在昨天。
The meeting lasted four hours. 会议持续了四个小时。
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century.
The bridge measures 30 meters across.
The news came that our team had won the game.
4、某些介词+名词
(1) “under +名词”结构, 表示某事“在进行中”。例如:
The whole matter is under discussion (=is being discusd).
He is said to be under arrest for stealing.
The hou under repair is our classroom building.
类似的结构还有:under construction (在建造中),under treatment(在治疗中), under question(在审讯中),under attack(在进攻中),under consideration(在考虑中),under contact(在联系中),under examination(在审查中),under investigation(在调查中),under review(在审议中), under treatment(在医治中),under trial(在受审中),under control(在被控制中)等。
(2) “beyond+名词”结构,表示“超出(胜过)……范围、限度”。 development例如:
The news is beyond belief(=can’t be believed).
类似的结构还有beyond one’s reach(鞭长莫及),初中英语教学反思beyond one’s control(无法控制),beyond one’s understanding(无法理解),beyond one’s expectation(始料不及), beyond one’s power(力所不能及)等。
(3) “on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事…… 中”。例如:
Today some treasures are on show in the muum (= are being showed).
常见的还有:on sale(出售),on show(展出), on trial(受审)等。
(4) “out of+名词”结构,表示“超出…… 之外”, 例如:
The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled). 。
常见的有:out of sight(超出视线之外),out of one’s reach(equivalents够不着), out of fashion(过时),out of question(毫无疑问)等。
(5) “for+名词”结构,表示 “适于……,有待于……”。例如:
That hou is for sale. (= That hou is to be sold).
The shop is for rent.
(6) “in+名词”结构,表示“在……过程中或范围内” 例如:
The book is not yet in print.(=is not yet printed)
The hou is in sight now.
5、动词不定式
(1)
I have a meeting to attend today.
She had to find a room to live in.
I have veral models for you to choo from.
但是如果不定式和主语之间没有这种主谓关系,则需要用不定式的被动形式。例如:
I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted?
(2)
He lent me some books to read.
Give me a pen to write with.
(3) This/That) +be +perfectgirls名词+ to do(作定语)。例如:
This is an easy question to answer.
That is a good place to live in.
(4) there be+名词+to do(作定语)。