M.A. Thesis of Chongqing University 中文摘要
摘要
本文旨在运用关联理论来研究外交模糊语言的翻译。主要是运用关联理论解释分析了口译员如何通过推理进行外交模糊语言的翻译来达到交际成功。
workonSperber和Wilson提出的关联理论认为人们的交际是一个明示-推理的过程并遵循关联原则。即交际者会通过一定的明示刺激让听众明白自己所想要表达的意图，听众再借助这一明示刺激结合语境进行推理从而得出对交际者话语的合理解释。交际者的明示刺激和语境則为听众找到最佳关联提供了依据。那么口译中的语境则是口译员进行推理的基础，而关联性则是推理的依据。
由于外交本身的政治敏感性和复杂性使得语境在外交模糊语言的翻译上起着尤为重要的作用，而关联理论的语境观则与以往的其它语境概念不同。关联理论认为，语境是听众对周围世界所做出的一种假设。所以，语境在关联理论里也被称作语境假设；此外，语境假设包涵三种信息，分别是逻辑信息、百科信息和词汇信息；本文对这三种信息进行了分析。通过从以上三种信息角度分析语境假设并找出最佳关联，译者才能对原文做出关联的翻译。因此，对外交模糊语言的翻译应对外交部发布会口译这种动态的语境进行动态的推理并传达出发言人的交际意图才能产生合理的译文，进而达到成功的交际。本文经过对外交模糊语言的翻译进行了关联理论的解释后，认为外交模糊语言的翻译本质上也是交际，进一步说
是一个明示-推理的交际过程。口译员在口译中担负着双重的责任，即先分析语境假设推理出交际者的信息意图和交际意图，并根据最佳关联把交际者的意图明示于听众，这样译者的任务才算完成。至于翻译策略，经过本篇论文的详细论述后，本篇认为推理和解释可说是一套不错的翻译策略。在关联理论的框架内，译者的目的就是寻找最佳关联，所以译者只有推理出了原交际者的交际意图，才能把这个意图明示于听众，这样就达到了成功的交际。
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关键词：外交模糊语，关联理论，语境，明示-推理交际，最佳关联
ABSTRACT
This thesis mainly probes into the interpretation of fuzzy language in the regular press conference of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the relevance theory as the theoretical ba.
In relevance theory, communication is considered as an ostensive-inferential process and abides by the principle of relevance. In other words, the speaker will convey his communicative intention by certain ostensive stimulus; and the listener produces relevant explanation by means of inference with the help of ostensive stimulus and context. The ostensive stimulus and the context are the ba of optimal relevance. Thus, the context in interpretation is the ba for interpreters to make inference and inference relies on relevance.
The complexity and political nsitivity makes context an especially significant role in the diplomatic fuzzy language interpretation. The notion of context in relevance theory is a psychological concept. According to Sperber and Wilson (2001), context is a subt of the hearer’s assumptions about the world. Thus, context is also called contextual assumptions in relevance theory. There are three types of information in contextual assumptions, i.e. logic information, encyclopedic information and lexical information. By analyzing contextual assumptions in tho three aspects, interpreters try to find out the optimal relevance and produce relevant version. Therefore, cognitive context is employed in this thesis together with other key notions in relevance theory in order for successful communication. By applying relevance theory to make account of diplomatic fuzzy language interpretation, the thesis concludes that diplomatic fuzzy language interpretation is an act of ostensive-inferential communication. In the process of diplomatic fuzzy language interpretation, the interpreter loads a double responsibility, i.e. inferring the informative information and communicative intention by analyzing the contextual assumptions; making optimal relevance manifest to the audience according to the principle of relevance. Thus the interpreter’s task is achieved. In terms of interpretation strategies, the thesis concludes that inference and making accounts are a proper ries of strategy in diplomatic fuzzy language interpretation. The interpreter’s task is to arch for optimal relevance in relevance-theoretic framework, therefore, only
do the interpreters infer out the intentions of the communicator, can they make manifest the communicative intention to the audience. Thus, successful communication is achieved.migo>leadfree
Keywords: diplomatic fuzzy language, relevance theory, ostensive-inferential
accident怎么读communication, optimal relevance, context,
Chapter One Introduction
beginner是什么意思Diplomacy plays an indispensable role in politics of a country. “Diplomacy is the foundation and practical realization of politics. For example, diplomacy is similar to the earth, while politics can be compared to changing asons. Today politics can bear this color, next day it is tinted differently. However, without diplomacy politics is colorless, shadeless and unimpressive.” said Ivan Systsov in ON DIPLOMACY. It is common knowledge that diplomacy is of critical importance for a country since it carries out the policy that nations have t. According to Wikipedia, in an informal or social n, diplomacy is the employment of tact to gain strategic advantage or to find mutually acceptable solutions to a common challenge, one t of tools being the phrasing of statements in a non-confrontational or polite manner. As the tool of communication, language interpretation is inevitable in foreign affairs. The peculiarity of diplomacy lies in its u of fuzzy language rather than confrontatikaite
onal expressions that will lead to rious conquences or even endanger the curity of a country. Its main feature is tactful, subtle and fuzzy and compromi. To some extent, diplomatic language fully demonstrates the advantage of fuzziness in natural language. No wonder President Franklin D. Roovelt’s wife Eleanor who rved as the reprentative of the United States in the UN exclaimed: “some of the same words, under normal circumstances, is a kind of meaning, but in diplomatic situations is another dimension. This is like learning another language” (Jin Guihua, 2003). In addition, Jin Guihua also talked about the necessity of using fuzzy language in diplomatic affairs:
To be the UN Secretary-general is not an easy job, becau he must abide by fuzzy philosophy Hammarskjold is very circumspect and fuzzy in his wording becau he drew lessons from his former UN Secretary-general Lie’s failure. Some foreign statesman once suggested he be awarded the first prize for his fuzzy wording. Scientists believe in a clear-cut distinction between black and white, while diplomats advocate a gray area. Gray area in diplomatic language is the fuzzy language. Never belittle the word “fuzzy”, becau it is indeed a capability for diplomats to u fuzzy language. (Jin Guihua, 2003)
拍马屁英文
In regard to the communication in diplomatic situations, nsitive topics appear quite frequently. Journalists may ask questions about nsitive topics and the
spokesperson has to give relevant answers. They never explicitly state “refusal”, but an excu “to think about it”, “will take a positive attitude” and so on. In diplomatic situation, agreement will be replaced by different measures of linguistic expressions such as “take notice of”, “appreciate”, “will not demur” and “sympathize”. In terms of concern, there are ways of expression, such as “take notice of”, “grave concern”, “deeply regretted”, “condemn” and so on. With tho various expressions, the spokesperson achieves the purpo that doesn’t give the show away as well as maintains the face. In foreign affairs, it is called constructive fuzziness (Zou Jianhua, 2005, p.4).
广州粤语培训In diplomatic affairs, fuzzy language helps to make diplomatic break-though. Parties to the conflict have their own benefit to obtain, so fuzzy language satisfies their demands. Diplomatic activity is a quite particular social activity, so the u of fuzzy language appears exceptionally significant. Though fuzzy, it will not affect the communication of diplomacy instead it helps to soften the conflicts and confrontations among states involved so as to achieve their respective intentions. In addition, Fredsted (1998) also maintained that fuzziness in communication is motivated by the speaker’s intention to leave more room or options for the hearer to make their own interpretation. Thus, taking advantage of fuzziness in diplomatic communication is proved to be an appreciated strategy in dealing with diplomatic affairs. Since diplomacy is an act among reprentatives of groups or states,
interpretation must be involved for communication especially in oral forms such as press conference discusd in this thesis. The quality of interpretation is connected with the success of communication in diplomacy and the reputation of states since what the spokesperson says stands for the position of a country. Therefore, the rearch on diplomatic fuzzy language interpretation is of great practical significance. Meanwhile, the rearch of diplomatic fuzzy language interpretation is also of great theoretical significance. Fuzzy language is natural language and it exists in our daily communication. The rearch on diplomatic fuzzy language interpretation will break a new path for the study of fuzzy language and interpretation.
countrymusicFuzzy language refers to the realization of fuzziness in actual utterance and it involves disciplines such as psychology, sociolinguistics, philosophy, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics and mantics. Therefore, making rearch on fuzzy language is a meaningful topic. The notion, fuzzy ts, was introduced by L. A Zadeh in 1965. It was first formally introduced into linguistic study by Lakoff and Ross. In China, it was Wu Tieping who applied this notion to the linguistic rearch domain in his paper Preliminary Study of Fuzzy Language in 1979. Professor Wu’s paper aroud Chine
