①The economy of the UK is the fifth-largest in the world in terms of market ex¬change rates and the sixth-largest by
purchasing power parity（PPP）.①按照市场汇率计算，英国是世界第五大经济体，按购买力平价计算排名世界第六。
②It is the cond-largest economy （第二大经济体）in Europe after Germany.
②是欧洲继德国之后第二大经济体。
③According to the World Bank’s statistics, its GDP per capita in
2012 was the 25th-highest in the world.③根据世界银行的统计，其2012.年国内生产总值在世界排名第二十五位。
④In 2012, the UK was the 11th-largest exporter and the sixth-largest importer in the world.
④2012年，英国是世界第十一大出口国和世界第六大进口国。
汽车抛光机
2）英国是世界上全球化程度最高的国家之一。其首都伦敦是世界主要的金融中心之一，其他的金融中心
还有纽约、中国香港和新加坡。3）英国经济体是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰经济体组成。英国在1973年成为欧洲共同体的成员国，并签署了《马斯赫特条约》，在1993年欧盟成立之初便成为欧盟成员国。
1）1945-1960s Following the end of World War Ⅱ, the UK enjoyed a long
period without a major recession （from 1945 to 1973）and a
rapid growth in prosperity in the 1950s and 1960s.
1）1945年到20世纪60年代：第二次世界大战结束后，很长的一段时间内，英国保持平稳发展，没有出现大的经济衰退
give me five什么意思（1945年到1973年），在50、60年代，经济繁荣发展，增长快速。
However, following the 1973 oil crisis and the 1973-1974 stock market crash, the British economy fell into recession.
2）然而，1973年发生石油危机，1973-1974年股市崩溃，英国经济陷入衰退。
①1970-1974: the government of Edward Heath（爱德华•希斯）①1970-1974年：爱德华•希斯政府②1964 to 1970: the government of Harold Wilson （哈罗德•威尔逊）
②1964 -1970年：哈罗德•威尔逊政府
In 1976, the UK was forced to request a loan of ￡2.3 billion from the International Monetary Fund（IMF）.The then
Chancellor of the Exchequer（财政大臣）Denis Healey（丹尼斯•希利）was required to implement public spending cuts and other economic reforms in order to cure the loan, and for a while the British economy improved.
3）1976年，英国被迫从国际货币基金组织申请贷款23亿英镑。当时的财政大臣丹尼斯•希利不得不削减公共开支，并实行其他经济改革，以便获得贷款。一段时间之后，英国经济得到改善。
①However, following the Winter of Discontent （不满的冬天：广
泛罢工）, when Britain was hit by numerous public ctor strikes,the government of James Callaghan（詹姆斯•卡拉汉）lost a vote of no confidence in March 1979.
①然而，不满的冬天过后，英国众多的公共部门员工罢工，詹姆斯•卡拉汉政府在1979年三月失去了不信任投票。②In the May 1979 general election, Margaret Thatcher （玛格丽
特•撒切尔）formed a Conrvative Party government.
②1979年五月的大选，玛格丽特•撒切尔组建了保守党政府。多才多艺英语
1）1979s
A new period of neo-liberal economics began in 1979 with the election of Margaret Thatcher who won the general election on 3 May that year to return the Conrvative Party to government after five years of Labor government.
1979年，玛格丽特•撒切尔赢得5月3日的大选，新自由主义经济学时期开始，这一年是在工党政府执政五年后，保守党重掌大权。
During the 1980s most state-owned enterpris were privatized,taxes cut, union reforms pasd and markets deregulated.在80年代，大多数国有企业被私有化，税收被削减，工会进行了改革，放松了对市场的监管。
problems caud by the policies: her battle against inflation
垃圾分类英文resulted in a substantial increa in unemployment.
这些政策带来的问题：她努力抗争通货膨胀却导致失业人数不断增长。
In spite of this, Thatcher was re-elected in June 1983 with a
landslide majority.
尽管如此，在1983年6月的选举中，撒切尔再次以压倒多数的选票胜利当选。
在1987年6月，撒切尔第三次当选时，失业人数已下降至300万人，到1989年底，下降到160万人。然而，英国经济在
1990年底陷入另一次衰退。保守党政府的声望并没有随着经济的发展而提高。
第一节 二战后英国经济的发展（Development of the British Economy Since WW Ⅱ）
Chapter 6 Economy 第六章 英国经济
简介
Introduction
1）英国在世界的经济地位UK’s
economic
status in the world
2）The UK is one of the world’s most globalized countries.The capital, London,is one of the major financial centers of the world, along with New York City,China’s Hong Kong and Singapore.3）The British economy is made up of the economies of England, Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland.The UK became a member state of the European Community（欧共体）in 1973, and ratified the Maastricht Treaty （《马斯赫特条约》）, making it a European Union state （欧盟国家）, at the start of the EU in 1993.
Four periods : ①1945 to 1979; ②1979 to 1997; ③1997 to 2008; ④2008 to 2013
四个时期： ①1945年到1979年； ②1979 年到1997年；③1997 年到2008年；④2008年到2013年。
1.1945 to 1979
2）1973-1974s
3）1976-1979s 2.1979 to
1997
2）Thatcher’s polices Unemployment had fallen below 3 million by the time of Thatcher’s third
successive election victory in June 1987 and by the end of 1989 it was down to 1.6 million.However, the British economy slid into another recession in late 1990.The popularity of the Conrvative government did not improve with the economic upturn.
②英国失去在更遥远水域（如冰岛）捕鱼的机会，这减少了其
总捕捞量，减产量多于欧盟其他国家的捕捞量。
③英国的捕鱼业现在只供应国家一半的总需求。
④捕捉的最重要的海鱼是鳕鱼、小口鳕、鲭鱼、牙鳕、鲽鱼以
及贝类，包括挪威龙虾、龙虾、蟹和牡蛎。
The UK has limited supplies of mineral resources.英国矿产资源有限。
①The once-important extraction of iron ore has dwindled to
北京万国学校almost nothing.
①曾经重要的铁矿石开采已经消失殆尽。
②Other important metals that are mined include tin, which
supplies about half the domestic demand, and zinc.
②其他重要的金属包括锡和锌，而锡只能满足国内一半的需求
③There are adequate supplies of nonmetallic minerals, including sand and gravel, limestone, clay and fuller’s earth.③非金属矿产供应充足，包括沙子和砾石、石灰石、黏土和漂白土。
the UK has larger energy resources—including oil, natural gas, and coal—than any other EU member.与其他欧盟成员国相比，英国的能源储备较大，包括石油、天然气和煤炭。
①Coal, the fuel once vital to the British economy, has continued
to decrea in importance.
①煤矿这种燃料曾经对英国经济至关重要
Power stations are the major customers for coal, but, with growth in the u of other fuels and the increasing closing of pits that have become uneconomical to operate, the industry remains under considerable pressure.然而其重要性持续下降。发电站是煤炭的主要接收方，但是随着其他燃料的使用，越来越多的煤场倒闭，煤矿已经不是经济型的能源，该行业面临着相当大的压力。
②Oil: The discovery of oil in the North Sea led to the rapid
development of oil exploitation.Since the start of production in 1975, the quantities brought ashore have grown each year, and the UK has become almost lf-sufficient in oil and even an exporter.②石油：北海油田的发现导致了原油开采的快速发展。自1975年开始生产以来，石油产量逐年升高，英国石油几乎可以自给自足，甚至还可以出口。
③Natural gas: Since offshore natural gas supplies from the
North Sea began to be available in quantity in 1967, they have replaced the previously coal-bad supplies of town gas.③天然气：由于1967年北海海上天然气可大量供应，他们已经取代了以前以煤炭为基础的城市燃气供应。
④Self-sufficiency in oil and natural gas and the decline of coal mining has transformed Britain’s energy ctor.④石油和天然气的自给自足以及煤炭开采的衰退改变了英国的能源部门。
⑤Nuclear fuel has slightly expanded its contribution to electricity generation, and hydroelectric power contributes a small proportion（mainly in Scotland）, but conventional steam power stations provide most of the country’s electricity.⑤运用核燃料发电的地区扩大，而水力发电所占比例较小（主要是在苏格兰），但传统的蒸汽发电站提供着国家多数的电力。animals maroon 5
②the UK has lost opportunities to fish in some more distant waters （e.g.tho off Iceland）, and this has reduced its total catch more than tho of other countries of the EU.
③The UK’s fishing industry now supplies only half the country’s total demand.
④The most important fish landed are cod （鳕鱼）, haddock（小口鳕）, mackerel （鲭鱼）, whiting（牙鳕）, and plaice（鲽鱼）, as well as shellfish, including Norway lobsters, lobsters, crabs, and oysters.
2.Resources and Power （能源和动
力）1）能源和动力mineral resources:
2）能源
energy resources
1）缓慢的经济增长导致了英国制造业的衰退。
①British automobile manufacturers（汽车制造业）have been in
decline since the 1970s.
bon
龙文教育怎么样①自20世纪70年代以来，英国汽车制造商持续减少。
②Construction（建筑业）in Britain slowed down during the
1990s becau of a decline in prices and in demand for new housing and becau of decread government investment in infrastructure during the first half of the decade.②20世纪90年代，英国物价降低，对新住房的需求减少，政府在前五年减少对基础设施的投资，建筑业发展放缓。
The fastest-growing ctors have been chemicals and
electrical engineering（化工和电子工程）.
增长最快的部门是化学和电子工程。
Within the chemical industry, pharmaceuticals and specialty
products have shown the largest increas. Within the
engineering industry, electrical and instrument engineering and transport engineering—including mot
or vehicles and aerospace equipment—have grown faster than mechanical engineering and metal goods, and electronic products have shown the fastest growth.在化学工业中，药品和特色产品增长最为快速。在工程业中，电气和仪表工程、运输工程——包括汽车和航空航天设备——的增长速度比机械工程 和金属制品快，电子产品增长最快。1）英国，特别是伦敦，一直是世界金融中心。
①importance: At the end of the 20th century, the financial rvices industry employed more than one million people and contributed about one-twelfth of the GDP.①重要性：20世纪末，金融服务业员工人数超过了100万，国内生产总值贡献率为1/12。
②London: London has continued to dominate the industry and has grown in size and influence as a center of international financial operations.London has more foreign banks than any other city in the world.②伦敦：伦敦仍主导着这一产业，发展颇具规模，成为国际金融运营中心。与世界上任何其他城市相比，伦敦有更多的外资银行。
3）pound sterling （英镑）The Bank of England still has the sole right to issue bank
notes in England and Wales（banks in Scotland and Northern
Ireland have limited rights to do this in their own areas）.The
pound sterling is a major internationally traded currency.
3）英镑：英格兰银行有在英格兰和威尔士发行纸币的独占权
（苏格兰和北爱尔兰的银行仅有有限的权利在自己区域发行纸
币）。英镑是国际上主要的交易货币。
4）financial markets （金融市场）The UK has a number of organized financial markets.The
curities markets compri the International Stock Exchange
（国际证券交易所）, which deals in officially listed stocks and
shares （including government issues, traded options, stock
index options, and currency options）; the Unlisted Securities
Market（非挂牌证券市场）, for smaller companies; and the Third
Market（第三市场）, for small unlisted companies.
4）金融市场：英国有多个有组织的金融市场。证券市场包括
国际证券交易所，其交易正式上市股票与证券（包括公债发
行，股票期权，股票指数期权，货币期权）；规模较小的公司
有非上市证券市场；小型非上市企业有第三市场。
5）自60年代以来，无形贸易的份额（金融服务的收支；利息
、利润和股息；英国和其他国家之间的转移）稳步上升，从全
国外汇总收入的三分之一上升到二分之一。
3.制造业Manufacturin
g 1）The slow economic growth has caud a decline in British manufacturing ctor.
2）衰退产业
declining
shirt的意思industries:
Private industrial and commercial construction（民用工业和商业建设）and public projects（公共项目）account for the remainder of construction.During the 1980s and 1990s the UK embarked on a ries of major infrastructure projects, including the Channel Tunnel between Britain and France, the rebuilding of large parts of London’s traditional Docklands（海港区）as a new commercial center, and extensions to London’s rail and underground systems.
建筑业的其余部分是私营工业、商业建筑和公共工程项目。在80和90年代，英国实施了一系列重大基础设施项目，包括英法之间的英吉利海峡隧道，对大部分传统的伦敦码头进行重建，以便成为新的商业中心，以及伦敦铁路和地铁系统的扩展。
3）发展快速的
行业
fast-
developing
industries
4.金融Finance 1）The UK, particularly London, has traditionally been a world financial center.
2）金融服务业
financial
rvices
industry
5）The share of invisible trade （receipts and payments from financial rvices; interest, profits, and dividends; and transfers between the UK and other countries（从金融服务的收入和付款；利息, 利润和股息；以及在英国和其他国家之间的转账）has been rising steadily since the 1960s—from about one-third to one-half of the country’s total foreign earnings.
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