Unit 1
1 Text
Invented Words
New words appear in English every day. Do you know how the words are born? Read the following passage to find various ways English words are invented.
Scholars guess that English has about 600 000 words, but there are probably more. New words continue to come into the language at such a rate that no dictionary could possibly keep up with them. The old words which were born centuries ago in the Anglo-Saxon, Germanic and French languages make up four fifths of the English language. The other one fifth is made up partly of borrowed words and partly of three other kinds of words: words from the names of peoples and places; imitative words; and invented words.
Ampere, volt and watt are all units of electricity, and they are named for the men who discovered them; Andre M. Ampere, a French physicist; Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist; and James Watt, a Scottish engineer and inventor. Nowadays we all drink pasteurized milk, that is, milk which is clean and
purified. Pasteurized gets its name from Louis Pasteur, a French doctor who invented the process for purifying milk. There are many words like this in the English language.
There is no need to say anything el about the words, for they speak for themlves. You can probably think of many more.
Then there are the invented words. English-speaking people have always made up words as it suited them, and they continue to do so every day. One kind of invented word is one which is made up of two other words. Dictionaries call this kind of word a compound. If you put "play" and "thing" together, you get the compound,
whole words. Most prefixes and suffixes come from Latin or Greek, and each has a special meaning of its own. When we add a prefix before a word or a suffix at the end of it, we change its meaning. For example, the prefix re- means "again." If we add re- to "do" or "paint", we get two new words meaning "do again" and "paint again." Un- means "the opposite of" or "not." By adding un- to "happy
" or "kind", we get "unhappy" or "unkind", meaning "not happy" and "not kind." The suffix -ness means "the condition of." "Happiness" and "kindness" are the conditions of being happy and kind. It is easy to e the meanings of unhappiness and unkindness. The word to which we attach the prefixes and suffixes is called the root word. In a word like unkindness the root word is kind.
Some words, like astronaut, are made up entirely of Greek or Latin prefixes and suffixes. Astro- is a Greek prefix meaning "having to do with the stars"; naut- means "having to do with sailing." So, an astronaut is a "star-sailor." Other words can be root words, prefixes or suffixes, depending on where they come in the word. Remember, the prefix comes first, the root word cond, and the suffix last. As an example, let's take the word "graph" and build veral different invented words with it by adding prefixes and suffixes to it or using it as a prefix or suffix. Graph by itlf means anything which is shown to us in pictures or writing. For instance, your teacher might want to keep track of your reading progress by drawing a graph of your reading test scores, or a businessman might draw graphs which show the ups and downs of his company's sales records. Now, by adding the prefixes and suffixes listed below to graph, we can make veral new words. Notice that graph is part of a
抽查英文
You may have noticed that you can make even other words using some of the prefixes and suffixes without graph. "Biology" is the study of life. What do you think is the meaning of "biologic"? If the prefix anti- means "against," what does "antibiotic" really mean? There are hundreds of Latin and Greek prefixes in the English language, and the possibilities for inventing new words are endless. Every day, as we make new discoveries in science and technology, we invent new words to describe them. Many of the new words are combinations of root words and prefixes and suffixes which hav
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portfolio翻译e already existed in English for centuries.
Another kind of invented word is the nonn word. Some nonn words are ud for a while by only a few people and then disappear completely from the language, never to be ud again. Others, when they become popular enough and are ud over a period of time, become a permanent part of the language. If enough people decide and agree on the meaning of an invented word, it is here to stay. Some examples of everyday modern words which probably began as nonn words centuries ago are: bad, big, lad, lass, chat, job and fun. Linguists guess that the are nonn words becau they have not been able to trace them back to any of the ancestor languages. Just who invented them, and when or where remains a puzzle. Puzzle itlf is one of the mystery words. No one knows where it came from.constraint
Lewis Carroll, author of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, was a great inventor of nonn words. As a matter of fact, he created a whole language of nonn. Most of Carroll's nonn words are not ud in English, except for "chortle." Chortle, Carroll tells us, is a cross between a chuckle and a snort. The word is formed by packing two different meanings together in it. The dictionary calls such words blends. A fairly recent blend, which, unfortunately, we hear almost every day, is "smog," a combination of smoke and fog.
People invent nonn words by combining certain sounds that just em to fit the things or actions they describe. Often we make up words for anything which is basically rather silly. Spoof was invented by an English comedian some fifty years ago. It means "to poke fun at." Hornswoggle was ud a great deal in the United States during the nineteenth century, and it means "to cheat." If a dishonest politician wants to hornswoggle the taxpayers, he invents a "boondoggle," which is a uless, expensive project which does nobody any good. Fairly recently someone invented the word "gobbledygook." When people talk or write using long, fancy words that really mean nothing, we call it gobbledygook. Unfortunately, many people u gobbledygook becau they want to em more important than they are, or becau they don't really want people to understand what they mean or what they are doing. So, when the dishonest politician wants to hornswoggle the public with a boondoggle, he usually explains things in gobbledygook.
When Lewis Carroll was writing his books the word gobbledygook had not been invented yet, but Carroll would have known exactly what it meant. Carroll loved to spoof or poke fun at people who ud fancy, important-sounding words when simple language would have done better. In one part of Through the Looking Glass, Alice has a conversation with Humpty Dumpty in which Humpty Dumpty insists words can mean whatever he wants them to mean. Alice insists that this is impossible. If everyone did that no one would understand anyone el. The conversation goes like this:
"But 'glory' doesn't mean 'a nice knockdown argument'," Alice objected.
"When I u a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choo it to mean －neither more nor less."
希腊语
"The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things."
"The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be the master －that's all."
The question is, just as Humpty Dumpty said, which is to be master. But Humpty Dumpty ud words in an odd way, and that made him a master of gobbledygook, not a master of language. A master of language knows what words really mean, and where they come from; knows when to u big, important ones and when to u the shorter, equally important simple ones. Winston Churchill was a great British prime minister. He was also a great writer, truly a master of language. He said once, "Short words are best, and old words when they are short, are best of all."
(1545 words) 译文：新造词
英语中每天都有新词出现。你知道这些词是怎么产生的吗？阅读下文你就能找到造英语单词的各种方法。
学者们估计英语大约有600 000个单词，不过也许更多。新的词语不断进入英语，其速度之快，大概没有一本字典能跟得上。几个世纪以前，源于盎格鲁•撒克逊语、日尔曼语以及法语的原有词汇，占英语的五分之四。余下的五分之一，一部分由外来词组成，另外的部分由其它三种词组成，它们是：表示人名、地名的专有名词；象声词以及新造的词。
安培、伏特和瓦特都是电学的计量单位，它们都是用发现者的名字命名的，他们分别是是法国物理学家安德烈• M•安培、意大利物理学家阿勒森德罗•伏特、苏格兰工程师兼发明家詹姆士•瓦特。今天我们都喝用巴氏灭菌法消毒的牛奶，这种奶即清又纯。巴氏灭菌法便得名于法国医生路易斯•巴斯德，是他发明了消毒牛奶的制作方法。在英语中像这样的词有许多。
象声词代表它们模仿的事物或行为的声音。现举例如下：
对于上述单词无需再作任何解释，因为它们不言自明。或许你还可以想出更多类似的单词来。
接下来是新造的词。讲英语的人总是根据需要创造词汇，而且每天仍在这样做。一种新造的词是由另外两个词构成的。字典里将这种词称为复合词。如果把“玩耍”和“物品”放在一起，我们就可以得到复合词“玩具”。你还能为下表添加多少类似的词呢？
除了把两个词放在一起之外，我们还可以给单词添加一些成分，即前缀和后缀。大多数前缀和后缀来自拉丁语和希腊语，而且它们都有自己特别的意义。当我们在词的前面加前缀或在其后面加后缀时，我们就改变了它的意思。例如，前缀re-意思为“再”。如果把re-加到“作”或者“画”的前面，我们就得到了两个新词，意思为“再作一次”和“再画一次”。Un-意思为“相反的”或者“不”。把un-加到“快乐的”或者“和蔼的”前边，我们就得到了“不快乐”和“不和蔼”。后缀-ness意思为“……状态”。“happiness”和“kindness”指快乐和仁慈的状态。这样就很容易理解“unhappiness”和“unkindness”两个词的意思了。被加上前缀和后缀的词称为词根。像“unkindness”一词的词根是“kind”。
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有些词，如宇航员，完全是由希腊语或者拉丁语的前缀和后缀构成的。Astro-是希腊语前缀，意思为“与星星有关”；naut-意思为“与航行有关”。所以，宇航员就是“星球航行者”。其它的词也可以成为词根、前缀或者后
缀，这取决于它们在单词里所处的位置。切记，前缀在最前面，词根其次，最后是后缀。现以“图表”一词为例，通过添加前缀和后缀，或者将它本身作为一个前缀或者后缀，可以用它造出许多不同的新词来。图表本身是指通过图画或者文字呈现出来的事物。例如，你的老师可能想通过绘制一份阅读
测试分数图表来了解你的读书过程，或者一个商人想通过绘制图表来显示他的公司销售纪录的变化。现在，给图表这个词增加下表中列出的前缀和后缀，我们可以造出许多新词。注意，图表一词除了本身是个后缀以外，还是另一个更长的后缀中的一部分。
以下是由“graph”构成的词：
tesoro
你可能已经注意到，没有graph一词，你也可以利用上面的某些前缀和后缀构成其它单词。“biology”意思为对生命的研究。那你认为“biologic”是什么意思呢？如果前缀anti-意思为“反”，那么“antibiotic”究竟是什么意思呢？在英语中有大量的拉丁语和希腊语前缀，造新词的可能性是无止境的。每天，我们都有科学和技术的新发现，所以人们创造新的词汇去描述它们。许多新词都是由已经在英语中存在了几个世纪的词根、前缀和后缀组合而成的。
另一种新造的词没有实际意义。有些无实际意义的词只是被一些人使用一段时间，然后就从英语中彻底消失，再也不用了。另外一些词被人们普遍接受，并且经过一段时间的使用之后，永远成为英语的一部分。如果有相当多的人选择并赞同新造出的词的意思，这个词就被保留下来。一些日常用的现代词，如：坏、大、少年、少女、聊天、工作和有趣，可能就是几个世纪前从无实际意义的词开始的。语言学家猜测上述单词为无实际意义的词，因为他们无法从任何古代语言中对它们追根溯源。谁发明的这些词？何时何地发明的？这些至今仍是个谜。“迷惑”这词本身就是这些神秘词语中的一个。没人知道这个词的出处是什么。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境》和《爱丽丝漫游镜中世界》的作者刘易斯•卡罗尔，是无实际意义词的伟大的发明家。实际上，他造了一整套无实际意义的语言。除了“咯咯地笑”这个词之外，卡罗尔发明的大多数无意义词并没有在英语中使用。卡罗尔告诉我们：Chortle是吃吃地笑声和喷鼻息两个行为交叉在一起时发出的声音。这个词把两个不同意义的词并在了一起。字典中把这样的词称为混合词。不幸的是，最
近我们几乎天天听到的一个新的复合词是“烟雾”，这是烟和雾两种意思的组合。
某些声音似乎与所描述的事物或行为相吻合，人们将它们组合起来创造出无意义的词。我们常常造词来代表很愚蠢的事情。Spoof(傻话、哄骗)一词是五十多年前由一个英国喜剧演员造出来的。它的意思是“用恶作剧的方式来取笑”。Hornswoggle(隐瞒)一词十九世纪在美国被广泛使用，表示“欺骗”的意思。如果一个不诚实的政客想对纳税人进行隐瞒，他就制造boondoggle(无价值的琐事)，这是一个对任何人都没有好处的、无用的、昂贵的工程。不久前，有人造出了gobbledygook(“官样文章”)一词。当人们用冗长而无意义的词进行交谈或书写时，我们称之为官样文章。不幸的是，许多人使用官样文章，是因为他们想让自己显得比实际更重要，或者是因为他
们不想让人们了解他们的真正意图和他们的所作所为。所以，当不诚实的政客想用“无价值的琐事”去“哄骗”群众时，他通常会用“官样文章”来敷衍。
在刘易斯•卡罗尔写书的年代，“官样文章”一词还没有造出来，但是如果当时已经有这个词的话，卡罗尔会知道它的确切含义的。卡罗尔喜欢戏弄或嘲笑那些不喜欢用效果更好的简单词汇，而偏爱使用花哨的、大而不当的词的人。《爱丽丝漫游镜中世界》的一个章节中，爱丽丝有一段与矮座椅沙发的对话，其中矮座椅沙发坚持认为：它想让词汇是什么意思词汇就是什么意思。爱丽丝则坚持说这不可能。如果每个人都这样做的话，那么没有人可以理解其他人了。他们的对话如下：
“但是…荣誉‟一词不是指…一个恰当、有力的论点‟，”爱丽丝反对道。
“我要用一个词的时候，” 矮座椅沙发用一种相当轻蔑的口吻说，“我想让它是什么意思它就是什么意思--恰如其分。”
drunkard
“但问题在于，”爱丽丝说，“你能不能让词代表那么多不同的事物。”
“问题是，” 矮座椅沙发说，“谁是主人--仅此而已。”
toeflibt高分作文正如矮座椅沙发所说，问题在于谁是主人。矮座椅沙发以一种奇怪的方式来使用词汇，这使它成为一个“官样文章”大师，而不是语言大师。一名语言大师知道词汇的真正含意及其出处；知道何时使用大的重要的词，何时使用短小但同样重要的简单的词。温斯顿•邱吉尔是英国一位伟大的首相，他同时也是一位伟大的作家，一个真正的语言大师。他曾经说道：“短小的词为佳；而既古老又短小的词为最佳。”
2 Home Reading
History of English
The English language we speak today went through three stages called Old English, Middle English
and Modern English. But ages before even Old English came into being, many other languages had to ari and develop. The oldest of the, as far as we know, was the Indo-European family of languages, which were beginning to be spoken clear back during the Stone Age. During the Stone Age, some Indo-European people lived on the islands of Britain.
The earliest known of the British Indo-Europeans split into two groups called the Scots and the Celts. There was another group, who were not Indo-European, called Picts. Together the three peoples are known as Britons. The Britons were a fierce, Stone Age people constantly making war on each other. They dresd in animal skins, lived in caves or rude wooden huts. The people had their own languages.
At the same time that the Stone Age Britons were living their warlike life, the Greeks, far to the east of them, were building a great civilization in Europe. Many of our ideas of art, literature, science, philosophy and government today come from the genius of the ancient people. As the Greek civilization reached a high point, another great civilization was being built in Italy by the Romans, who language was Latin. When the Romans conquered Greece and made it part of their empire, they found a culture much older and far superior to their own. So they borrowed it.
mas是哪个国家的缩写
After conquering all of Europe, Rome invaded Britain and made it part of the empire, in 43 A.D. Romans brought their advanced culture to the Britons. Not only did they bring their art, literature, law and the Latin language, they established schools, built buildings and roads and provided an army to protect themlves against invaders.
Meanwhile, the Germanic peoples of northern Europe, known as “Normen” or “Northmen,” were developing another, parate European culture. Some groups of Normen came to be known as Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Goths. They were warriors, but also sailors and traders. In very early times the Angles and Saxons began to trade with the Celts in England. This was probably the first time the Britons came into contact with other peoples.
