1. 20 松江二模阅读C
① No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. ____________________ (通过改变词序)天净沙翻译 and adding auxiliary verbs, we are able to communicate variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform other word tricks to _____________________ (传达有微妙差别的含义). Besides, grammar is universal and ___________________ (起作用) in every language, no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has confud many linguists is: who created grammar?
② At first, this question would ______________________________(似乎不可能去回答). To find out how grammar is created, someone needs to be prent at the time of a language’s creation, ______________ (记载) its emergence. Some linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but to know the forming of complex languages, the rearcher needs to obrve how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible.
③ Some recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from different nations were forced to work together. Since they could not learn each other’s languages, they developed a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowners. Little grammar is found in them, and in many cas it is difficult for a listener to infer when an event happened, and who did what to whom. Speakers need to u circumlocution in order to make themlves understood. Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be expod to it. Slave children did not simply copy words from their elders, they _____________________(改编它们而创造出一种语言tencent是什么意思). It included new word orders and grammatical markers. Complex grammar systems emerging from pidgins are termed creoles, which are invented by children.
④ Some linguists believe that many of _____________________________ (世界上最成熟的语言) were creoles at first. The ending in English past ten may have evolved from “did”. “It ended”, which was first ud by kids, may once have been “It end-did”. Therefore, it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created
by children. Children appear to have been born with grammatical machinery in their brains, which can rve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar prent for them to copy.
【文章结构梳理】
1. What’s the genre of the passage?
airmail A. Narration.
B. Argumentation.
C. Exposition.
D. Description.
2. 选择段落大意：① __A__ ② __C__ ③ 杰西j__B__ ④ __E__
saierhA. Grammar is both complex and universal in languages. |
B. Slaves from different nations created pidgins, expod to which, slaves children created their own language, creoles. |
C. There is possibility that we can figure out how a language came into being, which was thought to be impossible. |
D. Pidgin was a language created by landowners, which was hard to understand. |
E. Children em to have an instinct in grammar since birth. |
|
3. 文章整体脉络：
问题：语法究竟是如何形成？
研究背景：曾经以为难以追本溯源，但是目前发现有可能可以做到。
举例说明：
joshuapidgin：奴隶为了沟通而从地主那儿学习而演变出来的一种语言，但是没 有语法，难以理解，迂回沟通。
creoles：奴隶的小孩再接触了大量的pidgin之后创造出来的一种语言， 有语法、有词序。
文学硕士 雅思词汇圣经作者的推测：英语可能从creoles演变而来。
【阅读选择】
1. What does paragraph 1 mainly tell us?
A. Language learners know that grammar is of complexity.
B. One can do a lot with his good command of grammar.
C. Grammar is both complex and universal in languages.
D. Linguists face a question in creating confusing grammars.
2. The underlined expression ‘from scratch’ in paragraph 2 is clost in meaning to _________.
A. from the very beginning
B. in ancient cultures
C. by copying something el bymistake
D. by using written information
3. What can be inferred about the slaves’ pidgin language?
A. It contained a complex grammar system.
B. It was first created by the slaves’ landowners.
C. It was bad on a lot of different languages.
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D. It was difficult to understand, even among slaves.
4. What can be concluded from the last paragraph?
A. The English past ten system is inaccurate.
B. English was probably once a kind of creole.
C. Linguists have proven that English was created by children.
D. Children u English past tens differently from adults.
5. Where may we find this passage?
A. In a fashion magazine.
B. In a science periodical.
C. In a novel.
D. In an advertiment.
【答案】
63-66 CADBB
【长难句分析和理解】
1. Children appear to have been born with grammatical machinery in their brains, which can rve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar prent for them to copy.
【词汇积累】
auxiliary verbs 助动词
variation n. 变体
linguist n. 语言学家
pidgin n. 洋泾浜语；混杂语
creole n. 克里奥尔语
circumlocution n. 转折迂回的说法
