Diction (mosaic选词法)
What is diction?
In order to make an accurate and smooth translation, a translator should consider how to find a word or words by which the original idea may be most aptly expresd. Diction, the choice of words and phras to express meaning, is therefore one of the basic techniques. Diction must be bad on the accurate comprehension of the original. The meaning of a word is its u in the language, not only its definitions in the dictionary. A dictionary does not require or forbid a particular n of a word but records the us that have beeen found for it. Now and then a word is in the process of acquiring a new n or somewhat altering its usual one. The dictionary definiton is for the most part a record of the denotation of a word and often cannot give its connotation. Lexicograghers or dictionary compilers agree that in many cas two corresponding words of different language do not always convey exactly the same idea. Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words. Each word when ud in a new context is a new word. Beginners often rigidly adher
e to the verbal consistency of words in two languages, while neglecting their contextural consistency. Care should therefore be taken in translating to determine from the context the exact shade of meaning of a word or an expression in the source text and the choice of an appropriate one to express the meaning in the target version.
Choice of affective meanings(选择情感意义)
Choice of grammatical meaning (选择语法意义)
interestrate
Choice of contextual meaning （选择语境意义）
Choice of collocative meaning (选择搭配意义)
Choice of stylistic meaning （选择文体意义）
Choice of extended meaning (选择引申意义)
1. Choice of affective meanings(选择情感意义)
Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader. There are basically there types of affective meanings: positive（褒义）, neutral（中性）, and derogatory(贬义).
Positive | Neutral | derogatory |
Portly （发福的） | Overweight (超重的) | Obe (臃肿的) |
Slender, slim (苗条的) | Underweight (体重不够的) | Skinny (消瘦的) |
Senior, elder (长者) | Old man / woman (老人) | Fossil (老朽) |
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Words | Positive | Neutral | Derogatory | 丧偶英文
Death | 仙逝，长眠 | 死，死亡blitz | 北京师范大学出版社一命呜呼，见鬼 |
Result | 成果 | 结果 | 后果 |
Ambition | 雄心，抱负 | 志向， 强烈欲望 | 野心 |
Scheme | | 计划，规划，方案 | 阴谋，诡计，计谋 |
collaborate | | 合作，协作 | 与敌勾结，通敌 |
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1. Aggressive nations threathen world peace.
侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平。
A salesman must be aggressive if he wants to succeed.
推销员如要成功，必须有闯劲。
2. He incited the soldiers to fight bravely.
他激励士兵勇敢作战。
He was charged with inciting people to violence.
他被控煽动人们暴动。
2. Choice of grammatical meaning (选择语法意义)
The same word, when ud as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a ntence, has different meanings.
It is neither round nor square. 它既不是圆的，也不是方的。
The wheels go round rapidly. 车轮快速的旋转着。（循环地）
The night watchman makes his rounds every hour. 夜间看门人每小时都巡回。
The earth moves round the sun. 地球绕太阳旋转。
The ship rounded the Cape fo the Good Hope. 这艘船绕过好望角。(绕行)
The talk rounded into a plan. 从这次谈话发展出一个计划。
Her body is beginning to round our. 她的身体开始丰满起来。
I iron my colthes with an iron. 我用熨斗熨衣服。
Paper the walls with white paper. 用纸糊墙。
3. 赛普健身学院Choice of contextual meaning （选择语境意义）
Book
Show me the complaint book, plea. 请把意见薄给我看看。
decent的意思Milton’s Paradi Lost consists of 12 books. 弥尔顿的长诗《失乐园》共有12卷。
That is all I remember, sir, on the Book. 凭《圣经》起誓，长官，我记得的就是这些。
He claims to have been graduated from this college, but his name is not on the books.
他自称是从本学院毕业的，但是注册簿上没有他的名字。
He is always painstakingly at his books. 他总是埋头苦读。
The music was fine, but the book was very poor. 音乐是出色的，但是歌词很糟糕。
Hao many names are there on your books. 你们的登记名册上共有多少人？
He went out to the village to pay trademen’s books. 他到村里的买卖人那儿去付账了。
Are you in the book? 电话簿里有你的电话号码么？
4. Choice of collocative meaning (选择搭配意义)
Heavy
A heavy rain 大雨 a heavy a 汹涌的大海
A heavy load 重担 a heavy buyer 大主顾
A heavy crop 丰收 a heavy demand 苛刻的要求
Heavy casualties 严重伤亡 a heavy politician 显要的政治家
Heavy sorrow 过度悲伤 a heavy thinker 思想深沉的人
没关系用英语怎么说
Good
Good manners 得体的举止 good soil 肥沃的土地
A good Catholic 虔诚的天主教徒 good eggs 新鲜鸡蛋
A good hour 整整一小时 a good debt 有把握收回的债务
5. Choice of stylistic meaning （选择文体意义）
书面语词 | 母亲 | 诞辰 | 清晨 | 逝世 | 散步 | 恐吓 |
口语词 | 妈妈 | 生日 | 早上 | 死 | 溜达 | 吓唬 |
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普通用语 | 给 | 现在 | 办法 | 安排 | 私下 | 这 |
公文用语 | 给予 | 兹 | 措施 | 部署 | 擅自 | 原则英语此 |
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普通用语 | 飞 | 心 | 静 | 光亮 | 半夜 | 寂寞 |
文学作品用语 | 飞翔 | 心灵 | 寂静 | 晶莹 | 子夜 | 寂寥 |
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Informal | Neutral | Formal |
Broke， falt broke, hard up 穷，衣袋空空，穷光蛋，一个字儿也没有 | Poor 贫穷 | Poverty-stricken, penniless, in want, underprivileged, impecunious, indigent 身无分文的，一文不名的，穷困，贫困 |
Pooped, dog-tired, worn-out, played-out, all in 没劲， 累死了 | Tired 疲劳 | Exhauted, weary, fatigued, spent, 疲乏，疲惫，筋疲力尽，疲惫不堪 |
Young, little punk(贬义)， kids，yound guy, lad 小流氓，年轻人，男孩子，小鬼，小伙子 | Boy, young person, teenager 男孩，年轻人，青少年 | Youth, stripling年轻人，年轻男人 |
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Words | Explanatory | Descriptive / idiomatic |
Lively | 生动的 | 栩栩如生 |
Irrelevant | 无关的 | 风马牛不相及 |
Identical | 相同的 | 千篇一律 |
Thick | 厚的，稠的 | 如胶似漆 |
With discretion | 小心谨慎的 | 稳扎稳打 |
With eloquence | 以雄辩口才 | 娓娓动听 |
Great contribution | 巨大贡献 | 丰功伟绩 |
Invulnerability | 无法攻破 | 固若金汤 |
Meager food | 简单的事物 | 粗茶淡饭 |
frightened | 害怕 | 胆战心惊 |
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亮堂堂
