依据句子成分，学会分析长难句
一些复杂的长难句一方面是制约考生快速理解文意、准确解题的“拦路虎”，另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台”，在某种程度上来说，对长难句的分析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩优劣的“分水岭”。其实，长难句并不可怕，在正确划分句子成分的基础上，运用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁为简、化长为短，其意立马显现。所以，无论是从学语法的角度，还是从英语综合素养的角度，都有必要给考生补上这欠缺的一课。
一、长难句的常见形式
1．复合句
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。worship
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xcute一般来说，复合句中的从句都是很常见的，考生比较熟悉的，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
[例1] What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植)．
[分析] 此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life”，是一个主语从句，其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；is为主干句的系动词，后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。
[名师指津] 分析长难句时找出主干句的谓语是至关重要的一步。
[例2] Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母菌) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
收到稳岗补贴会计分录
[分析] 此句的主语为Pasteur，谓语是discovered，第一个that引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中after引导状语从句，第二个that引导定语从句。第三个that引导同位语从句。
[名师指津] that在长难句里面用得非常多，所以正确理解that引导的不同从句非常重要。
2．分隔结构
绯闻女孩 第三季为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语意严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。高考试题中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。
[例3] The idea of returning to the basics in the classroom — a notion (概念，观点) which, incidentally (顺便说一下), has been quietly supported for years by many respected teachers — is finally gaining some currency (流行) with school administrators (管理者)．
[分析] 两个破折号中间的内容是对前面的补充说明。
[名师指津] 分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分，它们打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。
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3．成分省略
在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。例如在以than, as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，而这会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。
[例4] I look forward to eing the views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants.
[分析] and后省略了重复成分look forward，读题时应将被省去的部分补全理解。
[名师指津] 补充完整省略成分，才能正确理解语境。
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4．改变语序
改变语序主要针对倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。
[例5] The professor marched into the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar (罐子) filled with dried beans (豆), and invited the students to guess how many beans the jar contained.
[分析] 此句正常语序为： ...placed a large jar filled with dried beans upon his desk ...
[名师指津] 还原为正常语序是理解语境的关键所在。
二、长难句的突破策略
1．结构分析法
姚明翻译
所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。
方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主谓语，即找主干成分
较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起同学们的足够重视。
①However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.
[分析] 此句的主语为“many scientists”，主语后跟一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和say, say后面又接了一个宾语从句。
cowgate②Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main lling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
[分析] 此句的主语为“Some companies”，句中有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize。
③At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute (道) doors and ts the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.
[分析] 此句的主语为“a microcomputer”，也有两个谓语，即locks 和ts。
方法二：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词
①The hot sun had caud the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.
②Miss Germaine’s mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted.
[分析] 第①句中的and和第②句中的and都是并列连词，各自连接两个并列单句。
方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词
Whereas a woman’s clost female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s ma
rriage was in rious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
无论如何的英文[分析] Whereas引导了一个从句，即“a woman’s clost female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage”， 而“it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say”为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。 “he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in rious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa”为省略从属连词that 的宾语从句，从句中又含有not ... until引导的时间状语从句，时间状语从句所在的主、从句中又各含有一个宾语从句：“his friend’s marriage was in rious trouble” (省略连接词that)；与“if he could sleep on the sofa” (从属连词if)。
