常见的前缀 | ||
1.表示否定意义的前缀 | ||
1) 纯否定前缀 | ||
a-, an-, ab- | asymmetry, anhydrous, abnormal | |
dis- | disinterested, dishonest, dislike, disability | |
in-, ig-, il, im, ir | inconsistent, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregular, illegal | |
ne-, n-, non- | none, neither, never, nonn, nobody, nowhere | |
neg- | neglect, negate, negligence | |
un- | unable, unemployment, unqualified | |
2)表示错误的意义 | ||
male-, mal- | malfunction, maladjustment, maladminister, maladroit, malai | |
mis- | mistake, mislead, misapprehend, misarrange, misbehave | |
pudo- | pudonym, pudoscience, pudocode | |
3)表示反动作的意思 | ||
de- | defend, demodulation, deconstruction, decontrol | |
dis- | disarm, disconnect, disable, disaccord, disagree | |
un- | unload, uncover, unacknowledged, unbalanced | |
4)表示相反,相互对立意思 | ||
anti-, ant- | antiknock, anti-imperialism, antibiosis | |
contra-, contre-, contro- | contradiction, contraceptive , controflow, contraclockwi | |
counter | counter-reaction, counterbalance, counter-revolutionary | |
ob-, oc-, of-, op- | object, oppo, occupy, opposite | |
with- | withdraw, withstand, withhold, without | |
2. 表示空间位置,方向关系的前缀 | ||
a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……” | aboard, aside, ahead, abroad | |
by- 表示“附近,邻近,边侧” | bypath, bypass | |
circum-, circu-, 表示“周围,环绕,回转” | circumstance, circuit, circumcircle, circumference, circumfluence | |
de-, 表示“在下,向下” | descend, degrade, decline | |
en-, 表示“在内,进入” | encage, enbed | |
ex-, ec-, es-, 表示“外部,外” | exit, eclip, expand, export, exotic, exterior, external | |
extra-, 表示“额外” | extraction, extraordinary, extraterrestrial, extravagant | |
fore- 表示“在前面” | forehead, foreground, forerunner, foreshadow, foresight | |
in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示“向内,在内,背于” | inland, invade, inside, import , include, internal, interior, impart | |
inter-, intel-, 表示“在……间,相互” | international, interaction, internet, interact, interastral | |
intro-, 表示“向内,在内,内侧” | introduce, introspection, intromission | |
medi-, med-, mid-, 表示“中,中间” | Mediterranean, mid-position, mid-ocean, mid-life, mid-term | |
out-, 表示“在上面,在外部,在外” | outline, outside, outward, outlook, outward | |
over-, 表示“在上面,在外部,向上” | overlook, overhead, overboard | |
post-, 表示"向后,在后边,次” | postscript | |
pre-, 表示"在前”在前面” | prefix, preface, preposition, pre-requisite | |
pro-, 表示“在前,向前” | progress, proceed | |
sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, 表示“在下面,下” | subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement | |
super-, sur-, 表示“在…..之上” | superficial, surface, superstructure, surcoat | |
trans-, 表示“移上,转上,在那一边” | translate, transform, transoceanic, transplant | |
under-, 表示“在…..下面,下的” | underline, underground, underwater, underestimate | |
up-, 表示“向上,向上面,在上” | upward, uphold, uphill, upgrade, upbuild | |
3. 表示时间,序列关系的前缀 | ||
ante-, anti-, 表示“先前,早于,预先” | antecedent, anticipate | |
ex-, 表示“先,故,旧” | ex-president, ex-husband | |
mid-, medi-, 表示“中,中间” | midnight, midsummer | |
post-"表示“在后,后” | postwar, posterior | |
pre-, pri-, 表示“在前,事先,预先” | preheat, prewar, prehistory, predict | |
pro-, 表示“在前,先,前” | prologue, prophet, proactive | |
re-, 表示“再一次,重新” | retell, rewrite, revi, rehear, redefine | |
4. 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀 | ||
by-, 表示“副,次要的” | byproduct, bywork | |
hyper- 表示“超过,极度” | hypersonic, hypertension, hyperacute | |
out-,表示“超过,过分” | outdo, outbid, outshine | |
over-,表示“超过,过度,太” | overeat, overdress, oversleep | |
sub-, suc-, sur-, 表示“低,次,副,亚” | subeditor, subordinate, subtropical | |
super-, sur- 表示“超过” | supernature, superpower, surplus, surpass, superman | |
under-,表示“低劣,低下” | undersize, undergrown, underproduction | |
vice- 表示“副,次” | vice-president, vice-chairman | |
5. 表示共同,相等意思的前缀 | ||
com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 表示“共同,一起” | connect, combine, collect, combat, coexist, cooperate, collaborate | |
syn-, syl-,sym-,表示“同,共,和,类” | symmetry, sympathy, synthesis | |
6. 表示整个完全意思的前缀 | ||
al- 表示“完整,完全” | alone, almost | |
over-表示“完全” | overall, overflow | |
pan-表示“全,总,万” | panentheism,panorama, Pan-American | |
7. 表示分离,离开意思的前缀 | ||
a- ab-, abs-,表示“分离,离开” | away, apart, abstract, abstain | |
de- 表示“离去,处去” | depart, decolour | |
dis-, di-, dif-, 表示“分离,离开” | divorce, disarm, differ | |
ex-, e-, 表示“离开,分离” | expel, exclude, expatriate, exterior | |
for- 表示“离开,脱离” | forget, forgive | |
re- 表示“离开” | relea, resolve | |
- 表示“分离,隔离” | parate, duce, lect | |
8. 表示通过,遍及意思的前缀 | ||
dia-,表示“通过,横过” | diameter, diagram | |
per-, pel-, 表示“通,总,遍” | perfect, perform, pervade | |
trans-, 表示“横过,贯通” | transparent, transmit, transport | |
9. 表示加强意思的前缀 | ||
a- | arou, ashamed | |
ad- | adjoin, adhere( | |
10. 表示变换词类作用的前缀 | ||
be- | befriend | |
en- | enslave, enable, enrich, enable | |
ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at- | adapt, accord, affix, aggression, arrive, assist, attend, attract, arrange, assign | |
11. 表示数量关系的前缀 | ||
1)表示“单一”,“一” | ||
mon-, mon- | monotone,monopoly, monarch, monomorphic | |
uni-, un- | uniform, unicellular, uniaxial, uniform | |
2)表示“二,两,双” | ||
ambi- | ambiguous, amphibian | |
bi-, bin-, di- | bicycle, diode, | |
twi-, twe- | Twilight, twelve, twenty | |
3)表示“十” | ||
deca, deco-, dec- deci- | decade, decimals | |
4)表示"百,百分子一" | ||
hecto-, hect- | hectometer | |
centi- | centimeter | |
5)表示"千,千分子一” | ||
kilo- | Kilometer, kilogram | |
6)表示"万,万分子一” | ||
myria-, myri- | myriametre | |
mega-, meg- | megabyte | |
micro- | microvolt, microwave | |
7)表示"许多,复,多数” | ||
multi-, mult- | multipmetre, multicultural, multinational | |
poly- | Polysyllable, polyatomic | |
8)表示“半,一半” | ||
hemi- | hemisphere | |
mi- | miconductor, mitransparent, micircle, miofficial. | |
pene-, pen- | peninsula | |
12. 表示特殊意义的前缀 | ||
arch-, 表示“首位,第一的,主要的” | architect, archbishop | |
auto-, 表示“自己,独立,自动” | automobile, autobiography | |
bene-, 表示“善,福” | Benefit, beneficence, beneficial | |
eu-, 表示“优,美好” | eugenics,euphemism | |
macro-表示“大,宏大” | macroscopic, macroeconomics | |
micro-表示“微” | microscope, microeconomics, | |
magni-表示“大” | magnificent, magnify, magnifical | |
13. 表示术语的前缀 | ||
aud-, 表示“听,声” | audience | |
bio-, 表示“生命,生物” | biography, biology | |
ge-, 表示“地球,大地” | geography, geology, geobiology, geocentric | |
phon-, 表示“声,音调” | phonograph, phonology, phoneme | |
tele-, 表示“远离” | television, telephone, telegraph | |
二. 常见的后缀 | ||
1. 名词后缀 | ||
(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人 | ||
-an, -ain, 表示"……地方的人,精通……的人” | American, historian | |
-al, 表示"具有……职务的人" | principal | |
-ant,-ent, 表示"……者” | merchant, agent, rvant, student | |
-ar, 表示"……的人” | scholar, liar, peddler | |
-ard, -art, 表示"做……的人” | coward, laggard, braggart | |
-arian, 表示"……派别的人, ……主义的人” | humanitarian, vegetarian | |
-ary, 表示"从事……的人" | cretary, missionary | |
-ant, 表示"具有……职责的人" | candidate, graduate | |
-ator, 表示"做……的人" | educator, speculator | |
-crat, 表示"某种政体,主义的支持者" | democrat, bureaucrat | |
-ee, 表示"动作承受者" | employee, examinee | |
-eer, 表示"从事于……人" | engineer, volunteer | |
-er, 表示"从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人" | banker, obrver, Londoner, villager | |
-e, 表示" ……国人,…..地方的人” | Japane, Cantone | |
-ess, 表示"阴性人称名词 | actress, hostess, manageress | |
-eur, 表示"……家” | amateur, littérateur | |
-ian, 表示"……地方人,信仰…….教的人,从事……职业的人” | Christian, physician,musician | |
-ician, 表示"精通者, ……家” | electrician, magician, technician | |
-icist, 表示"……家, …….者, …….能手” | physicist, phoneticist, technicist | |
-ic, 表示"……者,……师" | mechanic, critic | |
-ie, 表示"爱,指小" | dearie, auntie, lassie | |
-ier, 表示"从事……职业” | cavalier, clothier, brazier | |
-ine, ian, 表示"阴性人称" | heroine, ballerina | |
-ist, 表示"从事……研究者,信仰……主义者" | pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist | |
-ive, 表示"动作者,行为者” | native, captive | |
-logist, 表示"……学家,研究者" | biologist, geologist | |
-or, 表示"……者" | author, doctor, operator | |
-ster, 表示"做…….事情的人” | youngster, gamester,songster | |
-yer, 表示" 从事……职业者” | lawyer | |
(2). 构成,具有抽象名词的含义 | ||
-acy, 表示"性质,状态,境遇" | accuracy, diplomacy | |
-age, 表示"状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称" | courage, storage, marriage | |
-al 表示"事物的动作,过程” 或表示具体的事物 | refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval manual, signal, editorial, journal | |
-ance, -ence表示"性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度” | endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience | |
-ancy, -ency, 表示"性质,状态,行为,过程" | frequency, urgency, efficiency | |
-bility, 表示"动作,性质,状态" | possibility, feasibility | |
-craft, 表示"工艺,技巧” | woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft | |
-cracy, 表示"统治,支配" | bureaucracy, democracy | |
-cy, 表示"性质,状态,职位,级别" | bankruptcy,supremacy | |
-dom, 表示"等级,领域,状态" | freedom, kingdom, wisdom | |
-ery, -ry, 表示"行为,状态,习性" | bravery, bribery, rivalry | |
-ety, 表示"性质,状态” | variety, dubiety | |
-faction, -facture, 表示"作成,……化,作用" | satisfaction, manufacture | |
-hood, 表示"资格,身份, 年纪,状态" | childhood, manhood, falhood | |
-ice, 表示"行为,性质,状态" | notice, justice, rvice | |
-ine, 表示"带有抽象概念" | medicine, discipline, famine | |
-ing, 表示"动作的过程,结果" | building, writing, learning | |
-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示"行为的过程,结果,状况" | action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction | |
-i, 表示"性质,状态” | exerci, merchandi | |
-ism, 表示"制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为" | socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism | |
-ity, 表示"性质,状态,程度” | purity, reality, ability, calamity | |
-ment, 表示"行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果” | treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument | |
-mony, 表示"动作的结果,状态" | ceremony, testimony | |
-ness, 表示"性质,状态,程度" | goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness | |
-or, -our, 表示"动作,性质,状态" | favor, error | |
-osity, 表示"动作,状态” | curiosity | |
-ship, 表示"情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业” | hardship, membership, friendship | |
-th, 表示"动作,性质,过程,状态" | depth, wealth, truth, length, growth | |
-tude, 表示"性质,状态,程度" | latitude, altitude | |
-ure, 表示"行为,结果" | exposure, pressure, failure, procedure | |
-y, 表示"行为的结果,状态,性质” | glory, history, victory, inquiry | |
(3) 带有场所,地方的含义 | ||
-age, 表示"住所,地点" | village, cottage | |
-ary, 表示"住所,场地" | library, granary | |
-ery, ry, 表示"工作场所,饲养所,地点" | laundry, nurry, surgery | |
-ory, 表示"工作场所,住处" | factory, dormitory, laboratory, obrvatory | |
(4) 带有学术,科技含义 | ||
-grapy, 表示"……学,写法” | biography, calligraphy, geography | |
-ic, ics, 表示"……学……法" | logic, mechanics, optics, electronics | |
-ology, 表示"……学……论” | biology, geology, phonology | |
-nomy, 表示"……学……术" | astronomy, economy, bionomy | |
-ery, 表示"学科,技术" | chemistry, cookery, machinery | |
-y, 表示"……学,术,法” | photography, philosophy | |
(5) 表示人和事物的总和,集合含义 | ||
-age | baggage, tonnage | |
-dom | newspaperdom, kingdom | |
-hood | neighbourhood, womanhood | |
-ery | cavalry, ministry | |
-ure | legislature, judicature | |
(6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义 | ||
-ant, ent | solvent, constant | |
-al | signal, pictorial | |
-ar | collar, pillar | |
- er | boiler, computer, washer, cooker | |
-ery | drapery | |
-ing | clothing, matting | |
-ment | instrument, equipment, attachment | |
(7) 表示“细小”的含义 | ||
-cle | particle | |
-cule | molecule | |
-el | parcel | |
-en | chicken, maiden | |
-et | pocket, ticket | |
-etta, -ette | cigarette, essayette | |
-kin | napkin | |
-ling | duckling | |
-let | booklet | |
-y | baby, doggy | |
2. 形容词后缀 | ||
(1)带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义 | ||
-able, -ible | movable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible | |
-al | natural, additional, educational | |
-an | ane, urban, suburban, republican | |
-ant, -ent | distant, important, excellent | |
-ar | similar, popular, regular | |
-ary | military, voluntary | |
-ice, -atie | ical, politic, systematic, historic, physical | |
-ine | masculine, feminine, marine | |
-ing | moving, touching, daring | |
-ish | foolish, bookish, lfish | |
-ive | active, impressive, decisive | |
-ory | satisfactory, compulsory | |
-il, -ile, -eel | fragile, genteel | |
(2) 表示“相象,类似”的含义 | ||
-ish | boyish, childish | |
-esque | picturesque | |
-like | manlike, childlike | |
-ly | manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly | |
-some | troublesome, handsome | |
-y | milky, pasty | |
(3) 表示“充分的”含义 | ||
-ful | beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful | |
-ous | dangerous, generous, courageous, various | |
-ent | violent | |
(4) 表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义 | ||
-en | wooden, golden, woolen | |
-ous | gaous | |
-fic | scientific | |
(5) 表示方向的含义 | ||
-ern | eastern, western | |
-ward | downward, forward | |
(6) 表示“倍数”的含义 | ||
-ble | double, treble | |
-ple | triple | |
-fold | twofold, tenfold | |
(7) 表示“数量关系”的含义 | ||
-teen | thirteen | |
-ty | thirty | |
-th | fourth, fiftieth | |
(8) 表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义 | ||
-an | Roman, European | |
-e | Chine | |
-ish | English, Spanish | |
(9) 表示“比较程度”的含义 | ||
-er | greater | |
-ish | reddish, yellowish | |
-est | highest | |
-most | foremost, topmost | |
-less, 表示否定 | countless, stainless, wireless | |
3. 动词后缀 | ||
-ize, i, 表示"做成,变成,……化“ | modernize, mechanize, democratize, organize | |
-en, 表示"使成为,引起,使有” | quicken, weaken, soften, harden | |
-fy, 表示"使……化, 使成” | beautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify | |
-ish, 表示"使,令” | finish, abolish, diminish, establish | |
-ate, 表示“成为……,处理,作用” | parate, operate, indicate | |
4. 副词后缀 | ||
-ly | possibly, swiftly, simply | |
-ward, -wards | downward, inwards, upward | |
-ways | always, sideways | |
-wi | Otherwi, clockwi | |
常用的词根 | ||
aer(o) = air空气 | aerial空气的 , aeroplane飞机, aerobat特技飞行员 | |
alt = high高 | altitude高度 | |
anim = life生命 | animal动物, animate使…生机勃勃 , unanimous一致的 | |
annu(enni) = year年 | anniversary周年纪念 , annual年度的 | |
arch(y) = rule统治 | anarchy无政府状态 , monarchy君主政体 | |
astro(aster) = star星 | astrology占星术 , astronomy天文学 | |
audi(audit) = hear听 | audience听众 , audit旁听、审计 | |
aut-(auto-) = lf自我 | autocrat专制者 , autograph亲笔, automobile汽车, autobiography 自传 | |
bio(bi) = life生命 | biology生物学 , biotic生命的、生物的, biobalance生物平衡, biochemistry 生物化学 | |
cardi = heart心 | cardiac心脏的 , cardinal衷心的 | |
ced(ceed,cess) = go行走 | precede领先 , exceed超过 , process过程 | |
cert = certain确定的 | certify证实 , certificate证明书 | |
-chrome 颜色的 | monochrome单色的 ,photochrome彩色照片 | |
circ = ring环形 | circus马戏场 , circle圆圈 , circulate流通、流传,circumference圆周,circumfluence环流 | |
cosm(o) = world 世界 | cosmos宇宙 , microcosm微观世界 , macrocosm宏观世界 | |
cred = believe相信 | credible可信的 , credulous轻信的 , credit信任 | |
cycl(o) = circle圆 | cycle圆 , bicycle自行车 , cyclone旋风 , cylinder圆筒 | |
dent = tooth牙齿 | dentist牙医 , trident三叉戟 | |
dict = say说 | dictation口述、听写 , dictator独裁者 , predict预言 | |
duct = lead领导 | educate教育 , introduce介绍 , conductor(公交)售票员、指挥 | |
ego = I我 | egoism自我主义 ,egocentric自我中心的, egotistical自我本位的 | |
equ = equal相等的 | equality平等 , equivalent相等的 , equator赤道 | |
flu = flow流动 | fluent 流利的, fluctuate 波动、涨落 | |
fus = pour灌注 | refu回绝、拒绝 , confu使…糊涂、使混乱 , profu充沛的 | |
gam = marriage婚姻 | monogamy一夫一妻制 , polygamy多配偶制 | |
geo = earth地 | geography地理 , geometry几何 , geology地质学 | |
gram = write, sth written写、画;文字、图形 | grammar语法 , diagram图表 , telegram电报 | |
graph = write;sth written; instrument for making records写,画;文字图形;用于文字图形的仪器 | photograph照片 , telegraph电报机 , graphics制图法 | |
habit = dwell居住 | habitant居住者 , inhabit 居住于 | |
hal = breathe呼吸 | inhale吸 , exhale 呼 | |
hydro = water水 | hydroelectric水电的 , hydrology水文学,hygronom湿度仪 | |
ject = throw投掷 | project投掷;计划 , inject注射 , reject拒绝 | |
junct = connect连接 | junction结合(点), conjunction连接词 ,adjunct附属的 | |
later = side边 | unilateral单方面的 , bilateral双边的 ,lateral侧面的 | |
leg, legis = law法 | legal法律的 ,legislate立法 | |
lingu-=language 语言 | linguistic语言学 , bilingual两种语言的 , multilingual多语言的 | |
liter = letter文字 | literate识字的 , literature文学 , literal字面的 | |
loc = place地方 | local地方的 , locate放置 , dislocate脱位 | |
log = speak说 | dialogue 对话 , apology 道歉 , logic逻辑 | |
lun = moon月亮 | lunar月亮的 , superlunary 天上的 , translunar , 月球以外的 | |
mar = a海 | marine 海上的 , submarine潜水艇 , mariculture海水养殖 | |
metr = measuring测量 | geometry 地理 ,barometer气压计 , diameter直径 | |
mini = small小 | minify使缩小 , minimum最小量 , miniature微型物 | |
nov = new新的 | novel新奇的;小说 , innovate创新 , renovate革新 | |
nutri = nourish营养 | nutrition营养 ,malnutrition营养不良, nutrient 营养物 | |
pel = push推 | propel推动 , expel驱逐 , repel反击, compel 强迫 | |
port = carry运 | portable可携带的 , import进口 , porter搬运工 | |
pos = put放 | expo使暴露 , compo编,创作 | |
pur = pure纯净的 | purify净化 , purity纯净 , impurity不净 | |
rect = right正、直 | correct正确 , rectify纠正 , erect竖立 | |
rupt = break破 | interrupt打断 , disrupt瓦解 , erupt喷发 | |
scend(s) = climb攀爬 | ascend上升,descend下降 , transcend超越 | |
scrib(pt) = write写 | describe描写 ,scripture手稿 , subscribe订阅 | |
ct = cut切割 | inct昆虫 , bict二等分 , disct解剖 | |
nt (ns)= feel感觉 | ntiment 感情 , connt同意 , nsation感觉, nsitive 敏感的 | |
sol = alone单独 | solo独唱 ,solitary单独的 ,desolate荒凉的 | |
son = sound声音 | sonic声音的 , resonant回声的 , stereosonic立体声的 | |
spir = breathe呼吸 | conspire同谋 ,inspire鼓舞, expire终止 | |
struct = build建造 | structure结构 ,construct建造 ,destruction破坏 | |
tele = far远 | telescope望远镜, telegram电报,television电视 | |
thermo = heat热 | thermos热水瓶 ,thermochemistry热化学 | |
tract = draw拉 | tractor拖拉机 ,attract吸引,contract合同 | |
vert = turn转 | subvert颠覆 , divert转向, rever翻转 | |
vis, vid = e看 | visible可见的 , visit参观 , advi建议 , evident明显的 | |
viv = live 活 | survive比…活得长 , revive复活 , vivid生动的 | |
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