定义题
1. What is “intercultural munication”? P6
refer to munication between people who cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their munication event.
There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to municate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to municate with each other — in other words, "intercultural munication."
2. What is a culture? P13
A culture is esntially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads.
Culture: can been en as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.
Culture: a learned t of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people
3. What are stereotypes?P13
Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,” “Americans are friendly”, and so forth.
It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has bee fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore fal and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous becau they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture.
4. What does “interpretation” means?P24
A very important aspect of intercultural munication is “interpretation”, the process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior.
5. Individualist p32
Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themlves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themlves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analys of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.
6. Collectivist P32
Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themlves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People e themlves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties impod by, tho collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of the collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of the cultures.
7. What is “hierarchy”?P50
Hierarchy is differences in rank and power. Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps becau they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position.
8. What is “culture shock”?P58
“Culture shock” is often ud to describe what happens whenever a person encounters
a culture different from his or her own. The term culture shock describes what happens when a sojourner from culture A goes to live in culture B, and needs to adapt to life there.
The constant effort and uncertainty of dealing with a foreign language and culture can lead to a condition called “culture shock”. It is a feeling of being confud and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even bee increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock — and so do Chine who go to live in other countries.
