30个选择30分，10道判断10分，20个填空20分，4小段，每段5个空
3个简述30分，2个概念10分
1.Cross(Inter)cultural communication refers to communication between people who cultural perceptions and symbol systems(符号系统) are distinct enough to alter the communication event. It includes interpersonal communication, intra(inter)cultural communication, international, interethnic, interracial, and interregional communication.
In cross(inter)cultural communication situations, it is natural for people to be aware of the potential for various misunderstandings and want to avoid them.
intercultural communication: communication between people who cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
2.Communication:to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
3.Culture: a learned t of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.
4. Social Organizations in China
All power within the government of the People's Republic of China is divided among veral bodies:
the legislative branch, the National People's Congress.
the executive branch, the State Council
the judicial branch, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate（检察院）
the military branch, People's Liberation Army (PLA) via the Central Military Commission
5. Federal government of the United States
The Government of the United States of America is the federal government of the republic of fifty states that constitute the United States, as well as one capital district, and veral other territories. The federal government is compod of three distinct branches: legislative, executive and judicial, who powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the federal courts, including the Supreme Court, respectively. The powers and duties of the branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court.
6. Social Intercour is sometimes named Social Interaction Customs. Broadly, it refers to social rules and routines which make interaction smooth and which tend to vary with cultures. So miscommunication is quite frequent across cultures. Different cultures have different social customs regarding greetings and farewells, invitations and respons, appointments and visiting, and compliments and respons.
7. Teacher-student Relationships
Teacher-student relationships are also very different due to distinct cultural values. For instance, the east prefers a hierarchical order as oppod to the equality emphasized in the west and this is visible in classroom teaching: the eastern style is teacher-centered and the teacher-talking-time is privileged, while the western style is student-centered and the student-talking-time is emphasized.
For instance, due to different cultural values - individualism versus collectivism - in the west, one has power to choo and shape individual relationships while, in the east, one is subject to group harmony. Likewi, in the west, equality and asrtiveness are valued in both educational and business contexts, while, in the east, conformity and hierarchy are cherished.
8. American Education
In the United States elementary education begins at the age of six. Class of students are divided into twelve academic levels called grades. Generally, one academic year (from September through June) is required to complete each grade. In some school systems, elementary school includes grades one through eight. The next four years are called high school. In other school systems, there are three divisions, elementary school (grades one through six), junior high school (grades ven through nine), and nior high school (grades ten through twelve).
The students go to high school automatically after-finishing their elementary school education. There is no entrance exam. In some lower grade class they actually go into the class during a lesson and help the teachers with plays and class reading, and most schools have highly successful Parent=Teacher Associations.
In high school, subject matter becomes more specialized. English class stress grammar and literature. Social studies are split into parate cours in American history, American government, and European history, Algebra, geometry, and trigonometry are offered. High school students usually take a one-year general science cour, then more detailed cours in biology, chemistry, and physics. Most high school students study a foreign language usually Latin, French, Spanish, or German. Cours in music, art, and physical education are often required. The high school student's
day may be divided into nine periods: five for academic subjects, one ssion for physical education, a lunch period, and two study periods. The study periods may be ud for visiting the library or participating in an extracurricular activity such as the school orchestra, newspaper staff, or math club.
For a long time, America has led the world in higher, education, quantitatively: at least. The aggregate number of U.S. institutions of higher education is, at last count, 3,280. In American colleges and universities, a vast array of subjects is offered. The student can sample different fields of knowledge, but he usually majors in one field during last two years of college. If he wishes, he may obtain professional training at the undergraduate level.
Some students complete college in less than four years by at- tending summer ssions. College grades, from highest to lowest, run A, B, C, D, F. An F is a failing grade; if a student receives an F in a particular cour, he does not get credit for having taken the cour. College students must maintain at least a low C average in order to remain in school.
American universities offer three main categories of graduate degrees. In most fields of specialization, a master's degree can be earned by one or two academic years of study beyond the
bachelor's degree. A Ph. D. degree (doctor of philosophy) usually takes at least three years beyond the master's. To earn a Ph. D. in almost any field, the student must generally pass oral and written examinations in his specialty, produce a long
rearch paper which makes an original contribution to his field of study, and pass reading examinations in one or two foreign languages. There are also graduate professional schools in medicine, dentistry, and law, among other fields.
IT industry
financial industry
building industry
11. Kinds of popular jobs in the US top10
doctor/surgeon/dentist/physician/family doctor, psychologist/psychiatrist
CEO
Lawyer
Educator
Electronics engineer
Marriage and family therapist
Nutritionist
Food scientist
Forestry technician
Farm worker
12. Most Popular W orking Sphere in China
civil rvice
public institution
electronic commerce
financial investment
real estate development
computer sofeware engineering
educational training
mechanical manufacture
construction industry
import and export trade
13. Five social insurance and one housing fund（五险一金）
Endowment Insurance（养老保险）
Medical insurance（医疗保险）
Unemployment insurance（失业保险）
Work-related injury insurance（工伤保险）
maternity insurance（生育保险）
Housing fund（住房公积金）
14. The Christmas day is the most important festival in the Christian world. In the 4th century B.C., D
ecember 25th was named after the Christmas day by the Roman Christian, becau this day is Jesus’ birthday. “Chrismas” mean that Christians go to church and hold ceremonies to celebrate the Jesus’ birth.
The Easter Day is also a grand and solemn festival in the western world commemorating the resurrection(复活) of Jesus. It comes on the first Sunday after March 21st every year.
Thanksgiving Day
People in many countries celebrate the end of autumn–harvest ason.
In China, we celebrate Mid-Autumn Festival.
In Canada and USA, they celebrate Thanksgiving Day.
In 1863, Abraham Lincoln, President of USA t aside the last Thursday of November as a national Day of Thanksgiving, the intention was to show thanks to God for good harvest, thanks to indians for their great help.
15. Chine Food：are four major cooking styles
Sichuan Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the u of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also ud in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chon as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques.
Canton Cantone is perhaps the most widely available Chine regional cuisine outside China. It’s taste in China is usually bland/light.
Shandong requires for excellent cooking skills and the finished dishes are magnificent and antique. What must be talked is the afood, which is the special dish of Shandong cuisine. salty
Huaiyang cuisine is well known for its delicacy, its careful lection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation methodology, and its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste. Since the asons vary in climate considerably in Jiangsu, the cuisine also varies throughout the year. If the flavor is strong, it isn't too heavy; if light, not too bland.
16.western food
Italian food: Spaghetti Pizza Seafood Snacks
French food: expensive raw materials, not stay in filling stage
American food: salad complex becau of immigrants
17. Table Manners
Chine people prefer round tables in the banquets.
In the west, the long tables are ud in the banquets.
Chopsticks:
When you hold chopsticks, you should make sure that the ends are even.
Do not u to move bowls or plates. When not in u, they always be placed neatly on the table with the two sticks lying tidily next to each other at both ends.
Do not u them to point at other people or to wave chopsticks around.
Do not impale food with chopsticks.
One should not 'dig' or 'arch' through one's food for something in particular.
Do not bang your chopsticks as though you were playing a drum.
Don't u your chopsticks stab your rice.
W estern:
When arriving at a western restaurant, you are suppod to be ated with the guidance of the waiters instead of sitting everywhere you want.
Men and waiters can pull the chairs for ladies. Generally speak ing, you’d better get ated from the left side.
The at which is the most farthest away from the door is the most distinguished. When you are ready to sit down, remember to u hand instead of your feet to pull the chair back. Y ou’d better at from the left side of the chair.
All things not having to do with food should remain off the table: keys, clutch bags, cigarette packs, sunglass, mobile phone.
When in a situation where you have to pass food or condiments（调味品）to others at the table, pass it to your right, or counter clockwi（逆时针）.
Y ou may rest forearms or hands on the table, but not elbows.
Do not talk when your food is in the mouth.
Food residue（残渣）or bone cannot be left on the table, It should be put on the plate. Drinking too much when dining is very impolite and one of the most disliked behaviors.
Say "Excu me." or "Excu me, I'll be right back." before leaving the table.
Do not state that you are going to the restroom.
Do not “play with” your food or utensils（餐具）.
Do not bite your nails or using tooth picks at the tables.
16. home safety may indicate a building's ability to protect against external harm events (such as weather, home invasion, etc.), or may indicate that its internal installations (such as appliances, stairs, etc.) are safe (not dangerous or harmful) for its
