跨文化交际期末考试复习题
Define the following items:
1.intercultural communication: is simply defined as interpersonal communication between people from different cultural background.
2.interethnic communication: refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.
3.verbal communication：communication done both orally and in written language.
4.nonverbal communication: involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication tting that is generated by both the source and his or her u of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.
4. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
5. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once.
6. ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.
7. stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals bad on any obrvable or believed group membership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。
8. encoding is the act of putting an idea or thought into a code..
编码：是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。
9.Culture identity : refers to one’s n of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.
文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。
10.Subculture are formed by groups of people posssing characteristic traits that t ap
art and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.
亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。
11.Culture shock文化震惊: is a feeling of frustration, uneasiness, or uncertainty that many people experience in unknown ttings.
12.Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. 在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。
13.Paralanguage副语言： refers to the rate , pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是与口语交际有关，指说的速度，音高，和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达.
14.communication noi干扰
Any factor that hinders or distorts the reception of the message
15.Decoding解码
The interpretative process of assigning meaning to a message.
16.Denotation：is the conceptual meaning of the word that designates or describes things, events or process,etc.
17.Connotation：refers to the emotional or stylistic associations that a word or phra suggests in one’s mind.
18.space bubble
When people are having conversation with someone el, they generally like to have a little bubble of space all around them. This little bubble of space extends one or two or even three feet all around our bodies. We tend to view this as our personal space,even if we never think about it.
19.rever culture shock: is the name people give to that feeling of not fitting into your home country,and you are especially at risk of it if you return home after living abroad for an extended time.
Answer the following questions:
(1).What is the difference between individualism and collectivism?
An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themlves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals. It is regarded as a threat to the group and will result in punishment by the group in some country like Japan.
A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themlves as members of groups (families, work units,tribes, nations) and usually consider the needs of individuals. It values the group above the individual,and individuals have a responsibility to the group that superdes individual needs or rights.
(2).Features of culture
1. Culture is learned behaviour
2. Culture is usually acquired unconsciously
3. Culture is shared among its members
4. Culture is persistent and enduring
5. Culture manifests itlf both implicitly and explicitly
6. Culture is adaptive and changeable
7. Culture is relational
(3).What is Culture shock .............p129
Culture shock is a feeling of frustration, uneasiness, or uncertainty that many people experience in unknown ttings.
Culture shock is a multifaceted experience resulting from numerous stressors occurring i
n contact with a different culture.
Cau of Culture shock
1.Stress reaction 3.role shock
2.Cognitive fatigue 4.personal shock
(4).Components of Communication：
Sender
Any person that produces the message
Source交际邀请
The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
