跨⽂化交际技巧
Chapter 1 Communication and Culture Characteristics of Communication
1. Communication is symbolic
2. Communication can be intentional and unintentional behavior
3. Communication has a conquence
4. Communication is dynamic
5. Communication is contextual and governed by rules
Characteristics of culture
1.Culture is not innate; it is learned
2. Various facets of culture are interrelated.
3. Culture is invisible.
4.Culture is dynamic
5. Culture is ethnocentric
Definition of culture
Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and pasd down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.
Chapter 2 Cultural Models and Stereotypes
Geert Hofstede’s Cultural dimensions
Individualism vs. collectivism
power distance
Uncertainty vs. avoidance
Career success/quality of life
Confucian dynamism
1. Individualism vs. collectivism
Individualism
First, the individual is the single most important unit in any social tting.
Second, independenc e rather than interdependence is stresd.
Third, individual achievement is rewarded.
Lastly, uniqueness
Collectivism
Relationships
The relationships form a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.
People rely on theirin-groups (e.g., relatives, clans, tribes, and organizations) to look after them, and in exchange they believe they owe loyalty to the group.
[Interdependence]
Collectivism influences a number of communication variables---such as indirect communication, saving face, concern for others, and group cooperation
2. Power distance
Definition
Specifies to what extent a culture adapts to inequalities of power distribution in relationships and organizations.
1People in high-power distance countries believe that power and authority are facts of life. Social hierarchy is prevalent and institutionalizes inequality。
2 a greater centralization of power,
3more importance placed on status and rank,
4 a larger proportion of supervisory personnel, a structured value system that
determines the worth of each job, and
5subordinates adhering to a rigid hierarchy
Low-power distance countries hold that inequality in society should be minimized 6guided by laws, norms,
7e hierarchy as an inequality of roles
3. Uncertainty vs. Avoidance
“defines the extent to which people within a culture are made nervous by situations which they perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable, situations which they therefore try to avoid by maintaining strict codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.”
High-uncertainty avoidance cultures try to avoid uncertainty and ambiguity
People in low-uncertainty culture more easily accept the uncertainty inherent in life and are not as threatened by deviant people and ideas, so they tolerate the unusual.
4. Masculinity vs. femininity
Cultures high in the masculinity dimension focus on achievement, power, and posssions, regarding work as more central to one’s life, differing gender roles more than feminine culture.
Cultures high on the femininity aspect of the dimension value interpersonal relationships, nurturance, compassion, and quality of life.
Edward T. Hall’s models
1. High-context/Low context
A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. A low-context communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. P. 45
2.Time usage
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are the perceptions or beliefs we hold about groups or individuals bad on previously formed opinions and attitudes.
Chapter 3 Language and Intercultural Communication Definition of language
Language is an organized system using signs that carry intentional meaning from one person to another.
Chapter 4 non-verbal communication
Elements of non-verbal communication include:
Kinesics (Body language)
Proxemics (space)
Time
Silence
Paralanguage
Chapter 9 Common problems in Intercultural
Communication
Culture shock
Culture shock is the feeling of confusion, incurity, and anxiety caud by the strangeness of a new environment. The initial pha is a general disorientation, followed by honeymoon pha.
