Unit6
Section A
To work or not to work — That is the question
1 There are numerous and reliable ways by which one can measure the impact of employment on student achievement, and we ud veral in our rearch. We compared the grades of students who work a great deal with tho who work in limited amounts or not at all. We also contrasted workers with non-workers, on different indicators of their commitment to education. Additionally, we followed students overtime as they incread or decread their work hours, and we assd how different patterns of employment altered school performance and engagement.
打工还是不打工——这是个问题
1 要衡量工作经历对学生成就的影响有许多可靠的方法。在我们的研究中，我们采用了几种方法。我们比较了打很多工的学生和打工时间有限或者根本不打工的学生的学习成绩。我们也对比了打工学生和不打工学生在学习投入程度方面的不同指征。另外，我们长期跟踪学生，了解他们在打工时间增加或减少时的表现。而且，我们还评估了不同的打工模式如何改变学习成绩和学习参与度。
1 To work or not to work — That is the question (Title)
Meaning: Should students work or not work? That is an important question, which requires careful consideration.
Note: The title is a reference to a quote from William Shakespeare’s Hamlet: “To be, or not to be, that is the question.” For Hamlet it was a life-or-death question. Here the author means that “to work or not to work” is also an important question. For another example: Quantity or quality, that is the question. 是重数量还是重质量，这是个问题。
2 There are numerous and reliable ways by which one can measure the impact of employment on student achievement, and we ud veral in our rearch. (Para. 1)
Meaning: There are many reliable methods to study how work affects students’ school performance, and we ud a few of the methods in our rearch.
3 We also contrasted workers with non-workers, on different indicators of their commitment to education. (Para. 1)
Meaning: We also compared the differences between working students and non-working students in
terms of different aspects that show how they are committed to their study.
4 Additionally, we followed students over time as they incread or decread their work hours, and we assd how different patterns of employment altered school performance and engagement. (Para. 1)
Meaning: We also obrved students for a period of time as they spent more or fewer hours working part-time, and we made a judgment about how the incread or reduced working hours changed their school achievement and commitment.
additionally: ad. as well as what has already been mentioned, agreed, etc.
另外；此外Exerci can help older adults improve strength and balance. Additionally, it can improve the condition of their hearts and quality of life. 锻炼有助于老年人增强体力和平衡能力。另外，锻炼还能改善他们的心脏功能和生活质量。
performance: n. [C, U] how well or badly a person, company, etc. does a particular job or activity （工作或活动中的）表现The teacher evaluated the performance of each student. 老师对每个学生的表现都作出了评价。
engagement: n.1) [U] (fml.) the feeling of being involved in a particular activity 参与（感）Students can improve their learning skills through engagement in creative work. 学生可以通过参与创造性的工作来提高自己的学习技能。2) [C] an agreement between two people to marry, or the period of time they are engaged 婚约；订婚期间She astonished everybody by announcing her engagement with Peter. 她宣布自己和彼得订婚了，这个消息让大家大吃一惊。3) [C] an official arrangement to do sth., esp. one that is related to your work （尤指与工作有关的）约定，约会The public was eager to read articles about the princess, especially about her public engagements. 公众热切希望读到有关这位公主的文章，尤其是关于她的公开活动。
2 We have simplified and classified the data and the results are clear: The stakes are high. A heavy commitment to a part-time job during the academic year, say, working 20 hours per week or more, undermines and significantly interferes with school achievement and commitment. Overall, our study offers proof that students who worked more than 20 hours weekly were not comparable to their classmates. They earned lower grades, spent less time on homework, cut class more often, and cheated more frequently. And they reported lower levels of commitment to school and more modest educational aspirations.
2 我们把数据加以简化和归类，得出的结论很明确：学生打工付出的代价很大。在学年中花过多精力
兼职打工，比如，一周打工20个小时或更长时间，会影响和严重干扰学习成绩和学习投入程度。总的来说，我们的研究证明，每周打工超过20 个小时的学生学习成绩不及班上其他同学。他们的分数更低，花在作业上的时间更少，逃课更频繁，作弊更常见。而且据反映，他们的学习投入程度较低，学习志向也不够远大。
5 We have simplified and classified the data and the results are clear: The stakes are high. (Para.
2)
Meaning: We have procesd the data by making them simpler and grouping them into different categories. The rearch results are clear: The risks for working students are high.
6 A heavy commitment to a part-time job during the academic year, say, working 20 hours per week or more, undermines and significantly interferes with school achievement and commitment. (Para. 2)
Meaning: When students spend too much time on a part-time job during the school year, for example, as much as 20 hours or more each week, their school performance and devotion to study are riously affected.
say: vt. u sth. as a possible example 比方说；比如Why don’t we have a break until, say, 11:00? 为
什么我们不休息一下，比方说休息到11点？
7 Overall, our study offers proof that students who worked more than 20 hours weekly were not comparable to their classmates. (Para. 2)
Meaning: Generally, our study proves that students who worked over 20 hours each week did not do as well in school as their classmates.
comparable: a.1) being equally important, good, bad, etc. （重要性、好坏等）同等的，可相提并论的His poems are by no means comparable to Shelley’s. 他的诗歌根本无法与雪莱的诗相提并论。2) similar to sth. el in size, number, quality, etc., so that you can make a comparison （在大小、数量、质量等方面）类似的，相当的，可相比的Our prices are comparable to tho of other shops. 我们的价格和其他店家的价格相当。
8 they earned lower grands, spent less time on homework, cut class more often, and cheated more frequently. (Para. 2)
cut class: (AmE) (infml.) deliberately not go to class that you should go to 逃课Mike had planned to invited Carolyn to dinner, but Carolyn cut class that day. 迈克原打算请卡罗琳吃饭，但是卡罗琳那天正好逃课了。
9 And they reported lower levels of commitment to school and more modest educational aspirations. (Para. 2)
Meaning: And they said that they were less devoted to study and had lower expectations of their education.
modest: a. not very great, big, or expensive 不太大的；不很贵的Her grocery store had a modest income and helped support the family. 她的食品杂货店有些许收入，可以帮助贴补家用。
3 On the other hand, we also detected a different pattern. Working for approximately 10 hours per week or less emingly does not take a consistent toll on school performance. Nevertheless, given that half of all employed niors, about one-third of all juniors, and about one-fifth of all cond-year students work above the 20-hour limit, indications are that a large number of students are at risk of compromising their school careers with their part-time jobs.
3 但是，我们也发现了另外一种不同的模式。每周打工大约10个小时或更少的时间对学习成绩似乎没有持续的影响。不过，鉴于一半的大四打工学生、约三分之一的大三打工学生以及约五分之一的大二打工学生的打工时间都超过20个小时的上限，由此表明，有很多学生面临因打工而危及学业的风险。
10 On the other hand, we also detected a different pattern. Working for approximately 10 hours per week or less emingly does not take a consistent toll on school performance.(Para.3 )
Meaning: However, we also found out a different pattern, that is, when students work for about 10 hours or less every week, it does not em to have a continuous bad effect on students’ school performance.
Usage note: on the other hand, in contrast, on the contrary这三个词组都表示转折，意为“相反；但是”，但是它们表示的转折关系有所不同。1 on the other hand意为“从另一方面来说”，通常是说同一件事情的两个方面。例如：I’d like a job that pays more, but on the other hand, I enjoy the work I’m doing. 我想找一份工资高一点的工作，但是另一方面，我又很喜欢现在的工作。2 in contrast意为“对比之下”，通常对比不同的人或事物，更侧重于两者的不同，强调有差异。例如：The father is a very diligent worker. In contrast, the son is a lazy person. 父亲是个很勤劳的工人。相反，儿子却是个懒惰的人。3 on the contrary意为“正相反；恰恰相反”，往往针对同一件事或同一个人表示个人意见，认为后面所说的才是对的，虽然后面所说的和前面的情况完全相反。例如：They looked like an ideal couple. Everybody believed they were happy. On the contrary, they were actually mirable and heading for a divorce. 他们看起来像一对理想的夫妻。人人都以为他们很幸福。但实际上恰恰相反，他们很痛苦，而且即将离婚。
11 Nevertheless, given that half of all employed niors, about one-third of all juniors, and about one-fifth of all cond-year students work above the 20-hour limit, indications are that a large number of students are at risk of compromising their school careers with their part-time jobs. (Para. 3)
Meaning: However, since half of all employed fourth-year students, about one-third of all third-year students, and about one-fifth of all cond-year students work more than 20 hours a week, which is beyond the limit, there are signs that a large number of students risk harming their school careers by taking part-time jobs.
Sentence structure note:given that表示“考虑到；鉴于”，一般用在句首，后面接表示原因的句子。例如：Given that I don’t earn that much usually, I have to be nsible with money. 由于我一般赚不了那么多钱，所以我必须省着点花。Note: In American English, the following words are ud to refer to students in different years of high school or university:
freshman (first-year student): a student in the first year of high school or university （高中或大学的）一年级学生sophomore (cond-year student): a student in the cond year of high school or university （高中或大学的二年级学生junior: a student in the year before the final year of high school
or university （高中或大学的）三年级学生nior: a student in the last year of high school or university （高中或大学）最高年级的学生，毕业班学生
4 Whereas it is true that more dingaged students are more likely to work long hours to begin with, it appears that working makes a marginal situation wor. In other words, over time, the more students work, the less committed to school they become. When students withdraw from the labor force or cut back on their work hours, however, the results are striking: Their interest in school is generated anew. This then is good news: The negative effects of working on schooling are not permanent.
4 虽说一开始确实是学习兴趣不大的学生更容易长时间地打工，但是打工看起来会让他们原本勉强的学习状况变得更糟。换言之，随着时间的推移，学生打工时间越长，他们对学习的投入就越少。但是，当学生退出打工队伍或者减少打工时间后，结果也引人注目：他们对学习的兴趣被重新激发起来。所以，这是个好消息，即打工对学习的负面影响并非是永久性的。
12 Whereas it is true that more dingaged students are more likely to work long hours to begin with, it appears that working makes a marginal situation wor. (Para. 4)
Meaning: It is true that at the beginning students who are less involved in studying are more likely to
work long hours. However, it ems that they become even less devoted to their study becau of working.
Note: whereas是连词，引导一个从句。虽然however和whereas都可以表达转折的意义，但however 表达转折意义时是副词，可引导一个单独的句子，而whereas只能引导一个从句。例如：他想要她放弃工作在家里照顾孩子，但是，她觉得这对她来说太过分了。Whereas he wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children, she feels that this is too much for her. He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. However, she feels that this is too much for her.
dingaged: a. not involved with or interested in sth. or sb., and feeling parate from them 不介入的；不在意的；脱离的Engaged employees are clearly more valuable to a company than dingaged ones. 对公司来说，工作投入的雇员显然比工作不投入的雇员要更加有价值。
Note: The word engaged means “involved in (doing) sth.” and is the opposite of dingaged. For example: My brother is a scientist engaged in theoretical rearch. 我兄弟是一名从事理论研究的科学家。
13 In other words, over time, the more students work, the less committed to school they become. (P
ara. 4)
Meaning: That is to say, as students work longer hours, they gradually become less devoted to study. Sentence structure note:the more ... , the more/less ... : ud to say that if a particular activity increas, another change happens as a result (越…越…). For example: The more he insisted he was innocent, the less they emed to believe him. 他越是坚称自己是无辜的，他们似乎就越不相信他。
14 When students withdraw from the labor force or cut back on their work hours, however, the results are striking: Their interest in school is generated anew. (Para. 4)
Meaning: However, when students stop working or reduce their work hours, the results are surprising: They get interested in study again.
15 This then is good news: The negative effects of working on schooling are not permanent. (Para.4)
Usage note: effect, affect effect和affect词形相近，容易混淆。两者的区别主要如下：1 effect通常用作名词，意为“结果；效应；作用；影响”。例如：Scientists are studying the harmful effects of modern farming practices. 科学家正在研究现代农耕方式的不良后果。2 affect主要用作动词，意为“影响”，且
通常指不利的影响。而effect作动词用时表示“产生；招致；实现”等。与affect意义相近的不是动词effect，而是词组
