中国文化史（哲学）
the supreme lord 上帝
the"hundreds philoosophers"诸子百家
confucianism 儒家
Taoism道家
Moism墨家
the Logicaians名家
the Yin-Y ang School阴阳家
the Legalist School 法家
一、先秦
confucianism 儒家
The Book of Changes 《易经》
The Analects《论语》
The Book of Master Meng《孟子》
The Book of History《尚书》乐段
some和any的区别及用法The Great Learning 《大学》
The Book of Master Xun《荀子》
Kong Zi…s main tenets信条may be classified into 6 categorys : On Humanity仁On Right礼Rectification of
Names 正名Doctrine of the Mean 中庸On Haven and Spirit Government by Virtue
孔子：
“The man of humanity wishing to be established himlf,ek also to astablish others; wishing to be developed
himlf,he eks also to develop others”
忍者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人
“will not ek to live at the expen of injuring his humanity,and will even sac rifice his life to fulfill his umanity”
无求生以害仁，有杀身以成仁
“The li constitutes the warp of Haven,the principle of earth,and the conduct of people”
夫礼，天之经也，地之义也，民之行也。
“to restrain onelf and abide by rites is humanity”
克己复礼为仁
“do not look when your action would contrary to rites;do not listen when your action would be contrary to rites;
do not speak when your action would be contrary to rites……”
非礼勿视非礼勿听非礼勿言非礼勿动
“leading the people by governmental orders and governmenting them by punishment,they will avoid wrong doing
but have nce of shame; leading the people by virtue and governing them by rites,they will have a nce of
司法公信力shameand,moreover,will become good”
道之以政，齐之以刑，民免而无耻；道之以德，齐之以礼，有耻且格
“there is government ,when the prince is prince,and the minister is minister;when the father is father,and son is
狗图片大全
son”
君君臣臣父父子子
政者正也，子帅以正，孰敢不正
毋意毋必毋固毋我
子温而厉，威而不猛，恭而安
子不语怪力乱神
未知生焉知死
为政以德，譬如北辰居其所，众星共之快速写作业方法
孟子Master Meng：
1.the“four beginnings”（四端）feeling of compassion,shame,modesty,and of the distinction between right and
wrong.
恻隐之心，仁之端也；羞恶之心，义之端也；辞让之心，礼之端也；是非之心，智之端也。
2.性善说human nature is originally good
其为气也，至大至刚……则塞于天地之间
“Riches and honers can not make him dissipate,poverty and mean condition cannot make him swerve,and power
and force cannot make him bend himlf.”
富贵不能淫贫贱不能移威武不能屈
4.If the ruler applied his "unbearing mind"（不认人之心）to the administration of his government,there would be
an"unbearing government"（不忍人之政）,that is a benevolent government(仁政).
“the poeople rank highest in a state;the spirit of land and grain comes next;and the ruler cunts for
the least”
民为贵社稷次之君为轻
荀子
1.human nature is originally evil （人性本恶）
2.stresd the value of education and environment
3.(唯物观点)Xun Zi advanced the doctrine that Heaven was not an anthropomorphic god(神人同形的)，nor even
小姑娘简笔画the at of a moral order in the univer,but a purely natural and mechanical process running its own cour.
"Heaven operates with constant regularity.It did not exist for the sake of Y ao nor cea to exist for the sake of
Jie"
天行有常不为尧存不为桀亡
5.【认识论】people know things by the faculty of knowing that includes the"natural ns",and the "natural
ruller"
"natural ns"(天官ear eye no mouth body ) "can recieve stimuli but can not interchange their function"各有
接不相能也
"natural ruller"（天君mind）“the mind established in the central void to contral the five ns”心居中虚以治五官
Taoism道家
The Classic of the Way and Its Virtue《道德经》
The Book of Master Zhuang 《庄子》
The Book of Master Lie《列子》
老子
道：The keynote of Lao Zi's philiosophical system is the Way,which is the cour,the principle,the substance,and
the standard of all things,to whitch all of them must conform.
1.In politics, LaoZi advocateed inaction in government(无为) the people should be encouraged to return to a
primitive simplicity;so that we will always be without knowledge and without desire(无知无欲) 2.(三宝)"Three treasure" for life：
kindness(善)，inable one to be brave
frugality(俭), makes one profu丰富
never being the first in the would(不为天下先)，inable one become chief of the state. "Reversion is the movemrnt of the way"
反者，道之动
祸兮福所倚，福兮祸所伏……正复为奇，善复为妖。
do everything by doing nothing
无为而无不为
庄子
1.齐物论all things and opinions should be dealt equally
山无蹊隧，泽无舟梁，同于禽兽居
Mosim墨家rationalid the expression of the lower class.
1.universal love(兼爱) universal love should be combined with mutual benefit.
2.非乐、节葬MoZi exalted赞美frugality and appo all forms of extravagance奢侈
3.will of Heaven（天志）
4.oppod the concept of an impersonal fate(非命)
曾参简介
the Legalist Schools 法家
低热量的食物its chief objective was the concentration of power in the ruller.中央集权
The Book of Master Han Fei 《韩非子》
韩非子
1.man's nature is evil 性恶
2.laws，are the highest standeds by which to judge the words and actions of the people of a state
3.the ruller can profitablely make u of reward and punishment with his people and make effective his awe-
inspiring authority.
4.supplied a rational explanation for revolutionary changes from the old order.
明主之国无书简之文，以法为教，无先王之语，以吏为师。
故事因于世而备适于事
the sage does not aim at practising antiquity and does not model himslef upon what is considered to be
permanently correct.圣人不期修古不法常可
the Logicaians名家
惠施合同异“unity of similarity”
公孙龙离坚白“parateness of hard and white ”
惠施
HuiShi…s basic principle is the unity of similarity and difference which is bad on a theory of relativity.But he
overemphasized the relative and changeing nature of things.
至大无外，谓之大一；至小无内，谓之小一
无厚不可积也，其大千里It has no thichness,and cannot be incread in thickness……
天与地卑山与泽平
日方中方睨，物方生方死。
大同而与小同异，此谓之小同异；万物毕同毕异，此谓之大同异。
南方无穷而有穷
今适越而夕来
连环可解也
我知天下之中央，燕之北，越之南是也。
氾fan爱万物，天地一体也
公孙龙
On Universals and Particulars《指物论》
On Hardness and Whiteness《坚白论》
“a white hor is not a hor”
二.汉晋
董仲舒
Dong Zhongshu's combination of Confucianism with the Yin and Y ang theories produced an idealistic system
