狗与人Diabetes
Diabetes (medically known as diabetes mellitus) is the name given to disorders in which the body has trouble regulating its blood gluco, or blood sugar, levels. There are two major types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes, also called juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a disorder of the body’s immune system — that is, its system for protecting itlf from virus, bacteria or any “foreign” substances. A third form of diabetes, called monogenic diabetes, is sometimes mistaken for type 1.
Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body’s immune system attacks and destroys certain cells in the pancreas, an organ about the size of a hand that is located behind the lower part of the stomach. The cells — called beta cells— are contained, along with other types of cells, within small islands of endocrine cells called the pancreatic islets. Beta cells normally produce insulin, a hormone that helps the body move the gluco contained in food into cells throughout the body, which u it for energy. But when the beta cells are destroyed, no insulin can be produced, and the gluco stays in the blood instead, where it can cau rious damage to all the organ systems of the body.
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For this reason, people with type 1 diabetes must take insulin in order to stay alive. This means underg
oing multiple injections daily, or having insulin delivered through an insulin pump, and testing their blood sugar by pricking their fingers for blood six or more times a day. People with diabetes must also carefully balance their food intake and their exerci to regulate their blood sugar levels, in an attempt to avoid hypoglycemic (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemic (high blood sugar) reactions, which can be life threatening.
The warning signs of type 1 diabetes include extreme thirst; frequent urination; drowsiness or lethargy; sugar in urine; sudden vision changes; incread appetite; sudden weight loss; fruity, sweet, or wine-like odor on breath; heavy, labored breathing; stupor; and unconsciousness. Generally, type 1 diabetes is diagnod in children, teenagers, or young adults. Scientists do not yet know exactly what caus type 1 diabetes, but they believe that autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved.
Diabetes Complications
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While insulin allows a person with type 1 diabetes to stay alive, it does not cure the dia, nor does it prevent the development of rious complications, which can be many and varied. High blood sugar levels eventually damage blood vesls, nerves, and organ systems in the body. Among the potential complications of type 1 diabetes are:
优美作文Cardiovascular dia
Cardiovascular dia, a range of blood vesl system dias that includes both stroke and heart attack, is the major cau of death in people with diabetes. The two most common types of cardiovascular dia are coronary heart dia, caud by fatty deposits in the arteries that feed the heart, and hypertension, or high blood pressure. Rearch shows that people with diabetes are more likely to have high cholesterol and hypertension, both of which cau damage to the cells lining the artery walls. Rearchers think high blood gluco contributes to both of the conditions.
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia, low blood sugar, is a dangerous condition for people with diabetes. It can be triggered by not eating often enough, eating too little food, too much physical activity without eating, or too much insulin. People with diabetes can usually tell when their blood sugar is low. But the more episodes of hypoglycemia you have, the harder it gets for your body to detect the next episode. In vere forms, hypoglycemia can lead to unconsciousness or even death. For patients with type 1 diabetes, fear of hypoglycemia is a major obstacle to maintaining tight blood gluco control. Nephropathy
Diabetic kidney dia, also known as diabetic nephropathy, is one of the most common and most devastating complications of diabetes. It is a slow deterioration of the kidneys and kidney function which, in vere cas, can eventually result in kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal dia, or ESRD. About one third of people with type 1 diabetes develop nephropathy.
Neuropathy
Neuropathy, or nerve damage, affects more than 60 percent of people with type 1 diabetes. The impact of nerve damage can range from slight inconvenience to major disability and even death. Diabetic neuropathy leads to loss of feeling and sometimes pain and weakness in the feet, legs, hands, and arms, and is the most common cau of amputations not caud by accident in the United States. In one type of neuropathy, known as autonomic neuropathy, high gluco levels injure the autonomic nervous system, which controls bodily functions such as breathing, circulation, urination, xual function, temperature regulation, and digestion. Autonomic neuropathy may result in various types of digestive problems, diarrhea, erectile dysfunction, a rapid heartbeat, and low blood pressure. Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is the most common and rious eye-related complication of diabetes. It is a pro
gressive dia that destroys small blood vesls in the retina, eventually causing vision problems. In its most advanced form (known as “proliferative retinopathy”) it can cau blindness. Nearly all people with type 1 diabetes show some symptoms of diabetic retinopathy, usually after about 20 years of living with diabetes; approximately 20 to 30 percent of them develop the advanced form.
EFFECT OF COCCINIA INDICA(L.) AND ABROMA AUGUSTA (L.) ON GLYCEMIA, LIPID PROFILE AND ON INDICATORS OF END -ORGAN DAMAGE IN
STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS.
ABSTRACT
In Ayurvedic system of medicine in India, not only extracts of one plant or the other but also a combination of plant extracts are ud for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The prent paper reports the combined effect of Abroma augusta and Coccinia indica known to be uful for the treatment of diabetes in Ayurveda on the fasting blood sugar, gluco tolerance and lipid profile of Streptozotocin (STZ) induced albino rats. 300mg of water extract of the mixture of dried powdered roots of A. augusta and leaves of C. indica in equal proportions was given once daily for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of treatment of Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats, the fasting blood sugar came down
to almost normal value and improvement in gluco tolerance and rum lipid profile were also obrved.
KEY WORDS
Hypoglycaemic plants; Abroma augusta, Coccinia indica; Streptozotocin (STZ), diabetes neuropathy.
漫画人物绘画Coccinia indica was obtained from Indian Agricultural Rearch Institute , Delhi. The roots of A. augusta and C. indica leaves were air dried and powdered in a grinder and mixed in equal proportions
Preparation of water extract :
150 gm of Powder mixture of the two plant parts was extracted overnight with 180 ml of water with magnetic stirring in cold room (4º C). The water extract was parated and the residue was re- extracted with water. The combined water extract was concentrated in lyophilizer.
Animals
Wistar albino rats were obtained from Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology , Hyderabad clearan
白丁香ce is taken from animal ethics committee (IEC). Adult rats of either x weighing between 100-200 gms were lected for the study. The animals were acclimatized to laboratory conditions and divided into various groups. Animals were houd and kept on the light and dark cycle through out.
Induction of diabetes and associated neuropathy
Healthy adult albino wistar rats of both xes weighing between 100-200 gm were obtained from the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad and ud in this study. The animals were fed on a pellet diet (Hindistan Lever. India) and water provided ad libitum. Diabetes was experimentally induced to produce diabetic neuropathy (12 -13). Sorbitol induced dysfunction of inositol / metabolites leading to neuro- infarction. By causing microangiopathy of vasa nervosum it decreas blood flow to nerves . Over night fasting animals were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg / kg dissolved in 3 mM citrate buffer (pH 4.5) intraperitoneally (i. p). After 10 days only tho rats which showed plasma gluco levels > 300 mg / dl were classified as diabetic and were included in study as described earlier by our laboratory (14). Animals were divided into three groups of five each. Group 1 animals rved as healthy controls, while tho of the group 2 were untreated diabetic rats. Rats of group 3 were diabetic treated for 8 weeks with 300 mg of water extract of A. augusta plus
Coccinia indica. (13 – 14). Blood samples were collected from overnight fasted rats at 0 and 8 weeks. Blood gluco rum total cholesterol, HDL and LDL- cholesterol, triacylglyerol, and Glycosylated hemoglobin were determined using kits from Randox Mumbai. Total proteins albumin and creatinine in rum were determined by the method of Reinhold (15). Assay of plasma gluco and albumin and creatinine and total cholesterol, LDL-VLDL & HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were estimated as described earlier (12-16-17). Lipid peroxidation products were estimated as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in plasma & tissues (16-17).
Statistical analysis:
All the data were statistically evaluated and the significance calculated using student’s test. All the results were expresd as mean ± SD.
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
The results obtained with untreated diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with A. augusta plus C.indica on fasting blood gluco and GTT are compared with normal healthy controls and shown in (Tables 1 and 1A). It is en that treatment with water extract of A. augusta plus C.indica at a do of 300mg / kg body wt brought down fasting blood gluco (Table1), from a higher value of 166.9 ±25.4
mg/dl to a normal value of 85.4±2.3 mg/dl while in the untreated group the FBG incread from the initial value of 172.2 ±5.4 to 285.6±42.6 mg/dl. There was considerable fall in FBG in diabetic rats treated with A. augusta alone or C. indica alone. The effect was more with C. indica. But the effect of the two plants in combination was more than that with either of the plants alone. Similar improvement ±92.2 mg/dl even after 2 hrs of gluco load谋杀快乐>乱世翁熄
