第二章英语单词分类
涂兴仁
英语单词根据其词义、句法作用及形式特征分为十类：①名词②代词③动词④形容词⑤副词⑥数词⑦冠词⑧介词⑨连词⑩感叹词。
第一节名词
名词(n oun)：表示人、动物、植物花草、事物或概念等的名称，在句子中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、定语、表语等。名词分为普通名词和专有名词。普通名词又分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词和抽象名词。名词又分可数名词和不可数名词。个体名词和集合名词一般是可数名词；抽象名词和物质名词一般是不可数名词。
专有名词：China , Germany , Shanghai , London , the United Nations , the EU , Claire , Lei Feng , the Great Wall , ...
普通名词：woman , teacher , dog , hor , tree , flower , ro , desk , telephone , computer , family , people , police , team , company , bread , meat , beef , wine , air , gold , idea , opinion , hope , war , peace , life , job , ...
1. Mr. Smith bought a prent for his wife .
专有名词个体名词个体名词
主语动词宾语介词宾语
2. My teacher made me monitor of my class .
个体名词个体名词集合名词
主语宾语补足语介词宾语
3. Obama is a black , who was elected president of America .
专有名词个体名词个体名词专有名词
主语表语主语补足语介词宾语
4. My brother won a gold medal in the World Cup .
个体名词物质名词物质名词专有名词
入一
主语定语动词宾语介词宾语
5. She fought against violence and war and made a great contribution to the world .
抽象名词抽象名词抽象名词抽象名词
介词宾语介词宾语动词宾语介词宾语
第二节代词
代词(pron oun)：代替名词、数词等。代词分①人称代词②物主代词③指示代词④不定代词⑤关系代词⑥疑问代词。⑦连接代词。代词具有名词功能，在句子中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语等。
主格人称代词：I , you , he , she , it , we , you , they
宾格人称代词：me , you , him , her , it , us , you , them
反身人称代：mylf , yourlf , himlf , herlf , itlf , ourlves , yourlves , themlves 名词性物主代词：mine , yours , his , hers , its , ours , yours , theirs
形容词性物主代词：my , your , his , her , its , our , your , their
仁化丹霞山指示代词：this , that , the , tho
不定代词：one , no one , none , few , a few , little , a little , any , some , anything ,
something , everything , nothing , someone , anyone , everyone , somebody ,
anybody , everybody , nobody , the other , others , either , neither , all , the rest , ...
关系代词(引导定语从句)：who , whom , who , which , that , as
疑问代词：what , which , who , whom , who
连接代词：what , which , who , whom , who , whoever , whomever , whatever
1. －Is everyone here ? （主语）
－All students but Xiao Ming .观察物体评课稿
2. －Who’s it ?
－It’s me . （表语）
3. It was Lucy who broke up your coffee cup . （表语）
4. My parents bought me a computer as my birthday gift . （宾语）
5. She lost her way in the forest . （定语）
6. The hou who windows are open is mine . （定语；表语）
7. －Who will study abroad ? －Zhou Lan will do . （主语）
8. Whoever comes late to school should say sorry to the teacher . （主语）
第三节动词
动词（v erb）：表示动作或状态的词。动词分为：①实义动词②连系动词③情态助动词④助动词。实义动词分为：及物动词(带宾语）(vt.) 和不及物动词(不能带宾语）(vi.)。
实义动词：能单独作谓语动词或非谓语动词。
1. I work hard to live a normal life . （谓语动词；非谓语动词）
2. Thank you for reading my story . （谓语动词；非谓语动词）
3. I returned to school after an abnce . （谓语动词）
4. Dresd in a red skirt , Dennis looks very beautiful . (非谓语动词；谓语动词)
连系动词(link v erb)：与表语一起作谓语或非谓语结构。常见的连系动词有：be (am , is ,
are ；were , was ) , look (看起来，显得) , appear (好像), em , feel , smell , taste , sound ；turn （变成）, fall (+adj.) , go (+adj.) , come (+adj.) ；get , become , grow （变成）；stay (+adj.) , remain , keep , continue , prove , turn out , …
1. I felt stupid becau I was behind the others .
2. Her face became red and she went hungry .
3. It turned out that the girl was actually a cheat .
4. I started to get weaker and weaker .
5. When the fire broke out , she stayed calm .
6. The Chine dream will come true in the 21th century .
情态助动词(modal v erb)：与后面的动词一起作谓语。情态动词有：can / could , be able to , may / might , shall , should / ought to , will / would , must / have to , dare / need , ud to .
1. －Can I help you ? －Thank you . I can manage it mylf .
2. She can’t have left for New York this morning . I saw her just now .
3. I can speak some Japane as well as some English .
4. You shall do as I have told you to or you mustn’t u my computer
5. He suggested that we should have a rest .
6. We needn’t hand in our papers now .
7. There ud to be a tall tree behind my hou .
助动词（aux iliary v erb）：作谓语的一部分，表示疑问、否定、语态、时态、强调等。常见助动词有：be (构成进行时态be doing 或被动语态be done），have (构成完成时态have done) ，do (帮助实义动词、be之外的连系动词、have to 构成否定句或疑问句；did也可帮助ud to构成否定句或
疑问句；帮助实义动词或连系动词构成强调；表示替代。），will / shall (构成将来时will do / be , shall do / be) 。
1. He was reading in the classroom .
枸杞吃多少粒合适
2.Cars of this kind are made in Japan .
3. The film had begun before I got to the cinema .
4. Does she work hard ?
5. My father didn’t go to work becau of his illness .
6. You don’t have to leave today .
7. I didn’t u (=udn’t) to get up early last month .
8. I do be a teacher and my wife does love me .
9. His sister will come to e you this weekend .
10.I shall go back home this year .
11.They live as rich and full a life as you do .
12.He did not cry or laugh , neither did you .
第四节冠词
冠词(art icle)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词所指的人或物。冠词分为：定冠词(the）、不定冠词(a/an)、零冠词(即不用冠词）。
1. The book I bought yesterday was a physics book .
机械制造工艺2. He worked in the company and was paid by the hour .
3. An orange is smaller than an apple .
4. She felt uncomfortable and was nt to __ hospital .
5. John went to __ school in a hurry .
6. The boy looked me up and down in __ surpri .
7. The more she learns , the more she wants to learn .
第五节数词
数词(num eral)：表示数量或顺序的词。数词分为：基数词(one , two , ten , hundred , thousand , million , billion , ...) 和序数词(first , cond , third , fourth , fifth , sixth , venth , eighth , ninth , tenth , twelfth , thirteenth , fourteenth , fifteenth , twentieth , hundredth , ...) 。数词在功能上相当于名词，在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。
1. One and two are three . （主语）
2. I bought two computers and he bought one . （定语；宾语）
3. First , you must have enough money ; cond , you must have enough time . （状语；状语）
4. She is the first to enter the classroom and the last to leave the classroom . （表语；表语）
第六节形容词
形容词(adj ective)：主要用在名词前作定语、用在连系动词后作表语、宾语补足语。有时并列的形容词在句子中作状语。形容词有：普通形容词(作定语或表语good , beautiful , nice , ...)、定语形容词(只能作定语every , ... )、表语形容词(只能作表语afraid , alone , asleep,...）。从形式上看，形容词有：
原形形容词(young , bad , …) ，比较级形容词(elder , elderly , junior , nior , superior)、最高级形容词(favorite , eldest)，-ing形容词(interesting , moving , exciting , …)、-ed形容词(interested , moved , excited , …) 。
1. His parents live in a mountainous village . （定语）
2. I am afraid he is out . （表语）
3. She is healthy and beautiful . （表语）
4. I lay on the sofa , hungry and tired . （表语）
5. He often sleeps and keeps the doors open . （宾语补足语）
第七节副词
副词(adv erb)：修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语、整个句子的词。副词在句子中一般作状语。有时作表语、介词宾语、宾语补足语。
1. He works very hard . (状语)
2. The park looks quite busy . （状语）
3. Much to my surpri , he failed in the interview . (状语)
4. Unfortunately , he died in the traffic accident . (状语)
5. Obviously , you have done harm to her feelings . (状语)
6. He is out and will be back in an hour and a half . （表语）
第八节介词
介词(prep osition)：放在名词、代词或其他相当于名词的结构前，指出与其他词的关系。介词与它后面的名词、代词、-ing动词等一起作状语、定语、表语等。介词短语作定语放名词后。常见的介词有：about , above , according to , across , after , against , ahead of , along , alongside , around , about , as , at , beside , besides , behind , below , between , beyond , by , despite / in spite of , for , from , in ,inside , into , like , near , nearby , on onto , opposite , past , regardness of , since , through ,
throughout , to ,under , up , with , without , …
1. She is in the classroom . (表语)
2. The book on the desk is mine . (定语)
3. The teacher came in with a book . (状语)
第九节连词
连词(conj unction)：用来连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的词。连词有：并列连词(and , so , or , but , while , for , …)、从属连词(引导状语从句或名词从句。whether , if , until , till , since , in ca , when , where , why , what , how , who , whoever , no matther when , …) 、关系连词(引导定语从句。Who , whom , who , which , that , as , when , why , where ) 。
1. The clock has no mouth or no .
2. I tried once but failed .
3. The hou who window is open is mine .
4. He has been living in the city since he came here .
5. No matter who is late , he is impolite .
第十节感叹词
感叹词(interj ection)：表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感的词。感叹词在句子中作状语。hello ,
oh , why , … 。
练习
一．单句语法填空
1. I like football , basketball and some other sports but _________ (swim) is my favorite sport .
2. While ________ (watch) TV last night , I heard someone knock at the door .
3. Tom felt very sad becau the teacher didn’t listen to his _________ (explain) of being late .
4. This is the most interesting story that I _________ (hear) by now .
5. The wild goats’ ________ (appear) on the vast grasslands was a good indication of better environment .
6. In __________ (tradition) Chine culture , children’s marriage decisions were often made by parents .
7. The old woman was knocked down by the motorbike and lay crying , _________ (obvious) badly hurt .
8. Chine arts have won the __________ (appreciate) of a lot of people outside China .
9. The article __________ (write) in German and translated into Chine .
10. If a shop has chairs _________ women can park their men , women will spend more time in the shop . 二．单句改错
1. Naturally , we were all concerning about him when we heard of the accident .
2. We were suffering from a lack of balance between knowledge and wi .
3. The old man is said to have been gone through untold hardships before liberation .
4. He is now in hospital , recovered from a heart attack .
繁华事散逐香尘
5. This is the first time that we had en a film in the cinema together as a family .
6. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them interesting in his lectures .
7. The English play in what my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
8. Don’t let yourlf persuaded into buying things that you don’t really need at all .
9. Make a difference to the country is a duty of youngsters in which they are living .
10. Mr. Johnson was active involved in the local sports club .
三．语法填空
Diets have changed in China －and so too has its top crop . Since 2011 , the country 1 (grow) more corn than rice . Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 2 past 25 years , while rice has incread only 7 percent .
A taste for meat is 3 (actual) behind the change : An important part of its corn is ud to feed chick
ens , pigs , and cattle . Another reason for corn’s ri : The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice 4 (improve) water quality . Corn us less water 5 rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff . This switch has decread 6 (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and rervoirs and made drinking water safer for people . According to the World Bank , China accounts for about 30 percent of total 7 (globe) fertilizer consumption . The Chine Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 －when the government 8 (start) a soil-testing program 9 gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers －and 2011 , fertilizer u dropped by 7.7 million tons . That prevented the emission (排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide . China’s approach to protecting its environment while 10 (feed) its citizens “offers uful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide ,” says the bank’s Juergen Voegele . （2018年高考英语全国卷II）
四．短文改错
When I was little , Friday’s night was our family game night . After supper , we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room . As the kid , I loved to watch cartoons , but no matter how many times I asked to watching them , my parents would not to let me . They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain . Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes . I didn’t realize how right my parents are until I entered high school . The games my parents taught me wher
e I was a child turned out to be very uful later in my life . （2018年高考英语全国卷II）
一．单句语法填空
1. swimming
2. watching
3. explanation
4. have heard
5. appearance
羊肉丸子怎么做
6. traditional
7. obviously
8. appreciation
9. was written 10. where
二．单句改错
1. concerning →concerned
2. wi →wisdom
红烧猪蹄怎么做好吃3. 去掉been
4. recovered →recovering
5. had →have
6. interesting →interested
7. what →which
8.∧be (persuaded)
9. Make →Making 10.active →actively
三．语法填空
1. has grown
2. the
3. actually
4. to improve
5. than
6. pollution
7. global
8. started
9. which / that 10. feeding
四．短文改错
1. Friday’s →Friday
2. sort →sorts
3. the (kid) →a
4. watching →watch
5. 去掉to (let)
6. us →me
7. ∧ was (unwilling)
8. for →with
9. are →were10. where →when
