Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar
1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned.
e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1)
2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)
2. Metaphor: is the u of a word or phra which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.
e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1)
2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)
3. alliteration: is the u of veral words in clo proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.
e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)
2)…make a point of protesting
4. Hyperbole: is the u of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.
e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7)
a flood of glistening lined oil (Para. 9)
5．Antithesisac是什么牌子: is the tting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phras opposite each other for emphasis.
e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows…(Para. 5)
2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. (Para. 5)
6. Personification关爱留守儿童: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with hum
an qualities or are reprented as posssing human form.
e.g. …as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5)
Unit 2
V: Figures of speech
Metaphor: 暗喻
暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。
1). And condly, becau I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.
2). …I was again crushed by the thought…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)
3). …At last the intermezzo came to an end and…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)
4). …when the meaning of the last words sank in, jolting me…(Page 15, Para. 7, Lines
1~3)
Synecdoche: 提喻
e.g. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)
little old Japan暖心故事: traditional Japane hous
Metonymy: 换喻
换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美政府” 或用 “剑” 代替你不像她歌词 “军事力量”
The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)
the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japane culture and the western culture
Irony：反语
反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。
e.g. This way I look at them and congratulate mylf on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (P. 17)
Climax: 层进法
A ries of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity.
层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法
No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who were born here or who lived through it. (page 15~16, Para. 12, Lines 1~3)
Anti-climax: 渐降
渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。
e.g. “ldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its—oysters.”(p.15)
Sarcasm讽刺
Hiroshima—the “liveliest” City in Japan (hyperbole)
If you want to write this city, do not forget to say that this city is the gayest city in Japan, even if…(hyperbole)
Unit 5 Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.
IV: Rhetorical devices
1. Periodic ntences:
周期句（掉尾句）：主句或谓语在句末的句子，有两种句型：一：修饰语（尤其是状语）在句首的简单句；二：从句在前主句在后的复合句
a) The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.(p.79)
b) Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. (p.80)
c) If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russia…he is woefully mistaken.(p80, L22)
d) When I awoken on the morning of Sunday, the 22nd橡皮虫, the news…invasion of Russia.(p.77)
郭思乐2. Rhetorical question (interrogation)
E.g. …but can you doubt what our policy will be?
3. parallel structure
a) We will never parley
经济人假设
玉米豆浆的做法
We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang(p.80)
b) we shall fight him by land
we shall fight him by a
we shall fight him in the air. (p.80)
c) behind all this glare
