Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic
一.An Brief Introduction of Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic 保密工作责任制
深的反义词Ferdinand de Saussure, who is often described as "father of modern linguistic", is a very famous Swiss linguistics in 20th century. In his famous great book Cour in general linguistics, he states a ries of theoretical issues in linguistics, including the arbitrariness of language, langue & parole, synchronic &diachronic, signifier& signified, and last but not least, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Then what is syntagmatic？What is Paradigmatic? According to Saussure, the relations and differences between linguistic items fall into two quite different kinds, each giving ri to a parate order of values. The opposition between the two orders brings out the specific character of each. They correspond to two different forms of mental activity, both indispensable to the workings of a language. The two quite different relations are syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Syntagmatic relation refers to the combination bad on quentiality. Words are ud in discour, strung together one after another, enter into relations bad on the linear charact
er of languages. In its place in a syntagma, any unit acquires its value simply in opposition to what precedes, or to what follows, or both. Here is an examples. (a) The teacher saw the students. (b) the students saw the teacher. The words in the two ntences are exactly the same, but with different orders, they have opposite meanings. Paradigmatic relation, what Saussure called associative relation, is a connection in the brain. This kind of connection between words is of quite a different order. Such connections are part of that accumulated store which is the form the language takes in an individual's brain. However, groups formed by mental association do not only items sharing something in common. For the mind also grasp the nature of the relations involved in each ca, and thus creates as many associative ries as there are different relations. For example, when mentioning "to teach", one may associate the item in various ways with "teacher","education","classroom","school","students","study", etc. What's the relationship between the syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation? The answer is : Simultaneous functioning of both types of group, they are related to each other. Our memory hold in store all the various complex types of syntagma,of each kind a
nd length. When a syntagma is brought into u, we call upon associative groups in order to make our choice.
二．The literature review
For this part, I will show the literature review in a quite different way this time. Looking into the studies concerning about syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, it's easy to find that the rearches in this area are mainly related to three perspectives. Therefore, this parts will be divided into three parts. First of all, it is the study relating to the theory itlf, such as A General Statement of F.de Saussure s Linguistic Theory written by Suoquan Wang and On Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations in Language System written by Dejuan Qin. In this two papers, the former one fauces on the theories propod by Saussure, such as langue and parole, synchronic and diachronic,etc. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations are just a small part of this paper. Compared to the other concepts which are mentioned in this paper, Wang payed little attention to the two concepts in miotics. In his Paper, Wang just gave a direct translation and brief summary of the tw致酒行
o concepts which are written in Saussure's book Cour in general linguistics. He did not put forward any new understandings about them. The latter paper gives a much more preci adscription of the two relations. By introducing syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations and the related lexico-grammar notion and grammaticalization, Qin propod that the choice for constructing language structure, which involves mental process, should be made on the basis of the knowledge of the different levels of meaning that the language units indicate. Secondly, it is the studies relating to language teaching and learning, especially the language skills, such as writing, reading and translation. Here I will also give two examples: On Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations and English Writing written消费者日
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by Quanwang Zhan and Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relationship in Contextual Theory And Translations written by Yuxia Lin. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between words are ldom covered in the prent English writing teaching in China; however, majority of the mistakes the Chine students have made in English writing are related to collocation and choice of words. In view of the abovementioned facts, Zhan dis
cuss syntagmatic relation in terms of conceptual meaning collocation, affective meaning collocation and stylistic meaning collocation, as well as paradigmatic relation in terms of synonym and hyponymy in his paper. He advid that the teachers should pay attention to the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of words in teaching writing in order to improve the students' ability of choosing the words. Lin's paper is an attempt to apply the theory of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in linguistic context to translation studies. Through samples of translations, Lin shows that this theory is of great significance in determining the preci meanings of certain words in translation. Besides, on the basis of this theory, the paper makes an analysis of certain mistakes in some translations. The studies in this perspective u the theories that we learned to solve the problems we met in our real world. They have some practical value. Lastly, it is the study relating to the u of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in mass media. For examples, A Kind of Semiotics Theory And Its Function to Advertiments written by Jinglan Yang and Application of the Theories of Syntagma and Paradigm in Semiotics to Kiosk Design written by Hanyou Wang. The author of the former paper thinks the charm o
感恩的话语f advertiment lies in the meaning creating, and the meaning aris from the encoding and decoding of signs. Advertiment is a system of signs. The current miotics can help the study of advertiment develop a more accurate discour and decipher the cret of the ad. meaning generating. Therefore, Yang ud the theory of syntagma and paradigm in miotics to analyze some advertiment and try to describe the cour of encoding and decoding of advertiment more accurately. The latter paper helds that Kiosk is a system of signs.The theory of syntagma and paradigm in miotics is a category that is ud to describe the relationship between different signs. Wang has rearched the
饮奶思源
design approach of kiosk,analyzed briefly the meaning of kiosk′s construction and the common rules and special ones of encoding of kiosk with fundamental principle of the theories of syntagma and paradigm in miotics. For the rearch of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, the studies relating to mass media is a new rising study in recent years. It is inevitable that there must be some limitations. For example, the scale of the study is too small, it is restricted to advertiments and Kiosk. 三．Conclusion Up to now,
图形拼贴画many scholars from both China and overas countries had done a lot of rearches in the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of miotics and their us in our real life. Frankly speaking, they had done a very good job. T he rearch in this area is no longer just limited to the theorematic levels, it extends to the field of our daily life and is ud to solve the real-word problems. The studies of the scholars have laid a very good foundation for the further studies of other people.
