Appendix：
Green Barriers from the Standpoint of Sustainable Development
Abstract: Green barriers are one kind of non-tariff barrier (NTB). This paper points out that green barriers evolved from sustainable development theory and environmental protection, but are compatible with true comparative advantage. The best way to surmount green barriers for Chine enterpris is to implement circular production process and clean production techniques.
Key Words: 冠军之刃Green barriers, sustainable development, ecology environment, circular economy, life-cycle analysis.
亲昵的意思1. Introduction
Since the opening up and economic reform of China, its foreign trade volume has rin continuously from US$20.6 billion in 1978 to US$1,422 billion in 2005. The sum of exports plus imports as a fraction of GDP is 65.8%, the share of exports is 36.2%, the share of imp
orts is 29.6% in 2006 in China (The National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2006). Exports mainly concentrate on labor intensive and resource intensive industries: labor intensive products accounting for 40% of total manufacturing exports and resource intensive including rubber and metal products accounting for 20%. This export pattern depletes resources and caus high emissions and high pollution, a rious environmental problem in China (Gu, 2005). In addition,besides agricultural products, the exportation of mechanical and electrical products is facing increasing technical barriers such as noi, pollution, safety standards, energy saving, and recycling requirements. Every year,about US$8 billion of export products are affected by foreign green labeling and trademarks and US$24 billion of products are indirectly influenced since packing methods do not satisfy the environmental protection standard of developed countries. Therefore, how to treat and cope with green barriers is imperative for China’s foreign trade.
2. Green Barriers
While there are no accurate and clear definitions in international treaties or agreements,
a‘green barrier’ is a new term to mean the application of strict technical standards and regulations in international trade (Dong, 2003). Besides a green environmental label, green barriers also include environmental surtaxes, market access requirements, green technology standards, green packaging, green sanitary measures and green subsidiaries (Leng, 2005).
洗漱拼音 Normally, a green barrier is regarded as an environmental barrier implemented by developed countries, who, on the grounds of protection of animal or plant life, establish strict and compulsory measures to restrict certain imported products (Gao, 2004). According to some authors, green barriers are a type of protectionism, unfair to developing countries and restricting their economic development (Tang and Tan, 2004).
In fact, the evolution and practice of green barriers conforms to sustainable global economic development along the lines of true comparative advantage. Developed countries realized sooner the facts concerning environmental externalities and their damage to humans and the environment.Some developed countries t up technological
回到学校standards on the environment and natural resources, requiring that both the end products and all the production process (R&D, producing, packing, transporting, consuming and recycling) conform to environmental protection requirements. Hence, green barriers have appeared on the international trade stage.ps怎么做表格
If green barriers are defined as unfair and discriminatory measures relating to trade as some Chine scholars think, a resisting and rejecting attitude will persist. This will ignore the positive effects of green barriers on protecting the environment as well as the health of human beings, animals and plants. Unless arbitrary or unjustifiable environmental trade methods hinder international trade, a rational attitude and analysis should be adopted.十一放假
3. A Rational Analysis of Green Barriers
Green barriers are the outcome of economic development (Feng, 2004). Mass production and development of technology bring about two results. One is the positive effect on economy, increasing income and living standards; the other is the huge, sometimes irrev
多人性派对ersible negative influence on natural resources and the environment. Many examples can be en worldwide:dert encroachment, deforestation, water shortages, acid rain, biodiversity reduction; in short, air, land and a pollution in general. While enjoying the incread welfare caud by high economic growth, the world is suffering rious environmental deterioration (Na, 2000). Our Common Future(WCED, 1987) put forward the idea of sustainable development in 1987, calling for a common endeavor that human beings should protect the environment and the health of people, animals and plants. The WCED defined sustainable development as development which meets the needs of the prent without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In 1994, the IISD propod the Winnipeg Principles as a means for reconciling international trade and development so as to achieve sustainable development (IISD, 1994). The principles constitute a starting point to integrate trade, the environment and development. The central idea in considering internalizing the environment through international cooperation is regulation in international trade. Economic growth arising from trade liberalization is the necessary condition for sustainable development, but trade liberalizati
on without sufficient environment regulation will induce environmental degradation (Wang, 2005). Therefore, bad on sustainable development theory and compatibility with comparative advantage (e theAppendix), green barriers have a positive and rational effect.
3.1. An International Environmental Management System Incorporating Rational Green Barriers
First of all, the WTO/GATT is not against environmental measures related to trade adopted by its member countries. Article XX (b) and (g) allow WTO members to adopt and enforce measures if the are either necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, or if the measures relate to the conrvation of exhaustible natural resources. However, such measures should not reprent a disguid restriction on international trade nor be discriminatory in application. This Article has been regarded as the general principle for dealing with environmental disputes under the WTO. In addition, environmental exceptions can be found in many WTO agreements like the Agreement on
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Agriculture, the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and others . The regulations imply that countries have the right to establish protection of human, animal or plant life or the environment, subject to the requirement that the protection does not constitute arbitrary discrimination or unwarranted restriction on trade. Therefore, a green barrier as an environmental measure related to trade, has been widely accepted, at least in principle, by WTO members.
