摘要
宋代是近代汉语的开端,宋代语音上承隋唐《切韵》音系,下接元代《中原音韵》音系,是汉语语音由中古音发展到近代音的重要阶段,两宋断代的语音研究对于了解汉语语音变化,建立汉语语音史有重要意义。宋代可资语音研究的材料非常丰富,有韵书韵图、直音反切、译音对音,以及一些散见的有关当时语音的材料。与上述材料相比,宋词用韵具有独特的价值:一,词用口语入韵,反映了宋代口语的实际面貌;二,押韵现象丰富,一些通押韵段反映了宋代韵母的各种语音变化;三,词作时间跨度较长,韵段数量多,足以全面反映韵母系统的面貌。前辈学者对宋词用韵进行了研究,取得了重要成果。但是限于客观条件和研究手段,多以个别地区或词人群体为对象,未能充分占有材料进行穷尽式的考察,因而各家结论间存在较大的分歧。
我们以唐圭璋先生编纂的《全宋词》为工作底本,并吸收近年词学研究的最新成果,力图对存世宋词用韵进行穷尽式的考察和分析。共收录北宋太祖建隆元年(960)至南宋帝昺祥兴二年(1280)之间320年,1330余位词人的20191首词作,并摘录为26420个韵段。我们采用新颖的计算机辅助研究和数理统计两种研究方法,对宋词电子文本进行标注,生成韵段、词人、词调等数据库。并编制了韵段观察系统、韵字观察系统、丝贯绳牵系联等用韵研究程序,利用这些程序对宋词韵进行了穷尽式的研究。得出如下主要结论:
1.宋词用韵可分为17部,其中阴声韵七部:歌戈部、麻邪部、鱼模部、灰咍部、萧豪部、支微部、尤侯部;阳声韵六部:寒覃部、侵寻部、真文部、江阳部、庚登部、东钟部;入声韵四部:屋烛部、药铎部、德质部、月帖部。宋词用韵的主要特点有:部分尤侯韵合口字押入鱼模部;部分佳韵字丢失韵尾押入麻邪部;部分灰韵、泰韵合口字押支微部;齐、祭、废韵押入支微部。歌麻合叶、支鱼合叶、灰支合叶、尤萧合叶是普遍特点。咸、深两摄阳声韵尾-m已经向-n转变;梗摄- 尾向-n尾转变。入声
韵屋烛、药铎两部较为独立,它们的-k尾还比较稳固,而德质、月帖二部间合用频繁,表明它们的-p,-t,-k三尾很可能弱化为喉塞音- 。
2.宋代各地区词人用韵基本符合17部系统,反映宋人用通语入韵,宋代汉语方言的分布情况跟现代汉语差别不大。词韵中反映的主要方音特点有:福建词人歌萧合用;湖南词人尤侯部唇音字不押鱼模部;南方地区词人梗、臻二摄阳声合用极多;中原地区中,安徽因接近南方吴语区,各种通押现象较河南、河北等地要多;西北地区词韵相对于其他地区来说通押最少,最接近于当时通语的面貌。
3.从历时的角度来看,两宋三百余年间词韵变化不大。
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本文在前贤研究的基础上,取得了如下一些创新成果或贡献:
1.首次对存世宋词用韵进行了穷尽式的考察,归纳词韵为18部;
2.首次对词韵反映的宋代方音进行较完整的描述,补充了宋代西北、江苏、安徽、湖南、湖北、广东等地区词人用韵研究的空白;
3.从历时的角度考察了两宋三百余年间词韵的变化;科宝橱柜
4.提出一些新见解,如咸摄阳声韵闭口韵尾-m消变比深摄阳声韵快;宋词用韵“上去同用”韵段是证明宋代“浊上变去”的重要材料;对于宋代语音断代描写有参考意义。
5.改进了研究方法。论文使用了计算机辅助研究方法和数理统计方法,在流程设计、程序编制、公式计算等方面都有一些新做法;
6.对部分词调文字和韵律进行了校勘和讨论,对于词学研究有参考价值。
全文约10万字,分9章。第一章绪论;第二章讨论宋词的韵例;第三章介绍材料的计算机处理和数理统计方法;第四章列举韵谱,讨论个别韵字;第五章异部通押;第六章讨论词韵反映的宋代方音;第七章是讨论语音变化;第八章韵谱;第九章是结语,总结本文的研究成果。
关键词:宋词;用韵;韵部;通押;宋代方音;计算机辅助研究;数理统计
Abstract
Song Dynasty three-hundred-years was an important period on Chine phonology. It derived from Qieyun(切韵) phonetic system and developped into Zhongyuanyinyun(中原音韵) phonetics. Song Dynasty was the beginning of the latter-day Chine, there were lots of materials which could be rearched ,like 韵书韵图,直音反切、译音对音 and so on. Comparing with the aboving materials, Songci’s rhyme has unique value becau of reflecting the real spoken language of Song Dynasty. Some scholars have acquired brilliant conclusions on Songci’s rhyme up to now. While they have not ud all materials becau of the restriction, some points needed to be argued.
We ud Quansongci(《全宋词》) as the basic material, and addopt some latest achievements on Songci. We totally collected about 20191 articles written by 1300 poets which lived between 960 and 1280. We ud computer and programmed some software to aidding our rearch. After obrved 26420 rhyming-ctions completely, this paper drew the following conclusions:实训报告心得
大四实习报告Firstly,the rhyming-class of Songci should be devided into 17 categories: 歌戈部、麻邪部、鱼模部、灰咍部、萧豪部、支微部、尤侯部;寒覃部、侵寻部、真文部、东钟部、庚登部、江阳部;屋烛部、药铎部、德质部、月帖部. There were some universal peculiarity of Song Dynasty on rhyme. For example,some labial words of You-Hou-Bu(尤侯部) entered into Yu-mo-bu(鱼模部);Some words of Jia-Yun(佳韵) lost their last consonants and ud with Ma-Xie-Bu(麻邪部);Some He-Kou(合
口)words of Hui-Yun (灰韵)& Tai-Yun(泰韵)ud with Zhi-Wei –Bu(支微部);Qi(齐韵),Ji(祭韵),Fei (废韵) entered into Zhi-Wei-Bu(支微部)etc.There were much cross of Yang-Sheng-Yun-Bu(阳声韵部)each other, some phenomena reflected the consonant “m” of Xian-She(咸摄)has developped into consonant “n”
Secondly, the cross of rhyming sometimes reflected dialect’s speculity of Song Dynasty. For example, the phenomena of Ge-Xiao-He-Yong(歌萧合用) often appeared in Fujian peots’ articles. While the labial words of You-Hou-Bu(尤侯部) didn’t entered into Yu-mo-bu(鱼模部) on Hunan’s poems.
Thirdly, there were few changes between North-Song and South-Song.
This paper has acquired following innovated achievements on the basic of former scholar:
1.We firstly obrved all rhyming-ctions of Songci on the world and argued the rhyme-class should be devided into 17 categories.
如何压缩ppt
2.We described the dialect of Song Dynasty more completely, and supplied the materials of Xibei, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei,Guangdong,Anhui province.
3.We obrved the changes of the rhyme between North-Song and South-Song.
4.We pointed some new conclusions. For instance, the disappearing speed of Xian-She (咸摄)’s last consanant was higher than Shen-She(深摄)’s. The reason of poem’s Shang-Qu-Tong-Yong(上去同用)was that Zhuo-Shang-Bian-Qu(浊上变去)has developped into highly grade on Song Dynasty
5. We programmed some special software to help scholars, and revid the formula and unit of statistics
6.We discusd some words and rhyming-rules, which was helpful to the rearch of Songci.
The article consisted of nine charpters,the number of words amouts to 100,000. Chapter 1 was the introduction. Chapter 2 discusd the rules of Songci’s rhyming. Chapter 3 introduced our compuer-aid method and statistics. Chapter 4 detailedly listed the rhyming system of 17 categroies. Chapter 5 argued the Crossing-Rhyming. Chapter 6 discusd the Dialect.Chapter 7 dicusd some phenomena on phenotics according to the Songci. Chapter 8 displayed the total Yun-Pu. Chapter 9 reviewed the total paper and drew conclusions.
Key-Words:Songci;Rhyme;Rhyming-Category;Cross-Rhyming;Dialect;
Computer-aid Rearch;Statistics
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