Kalhan SC, Prentice AM, Yajnik CS (eds): Emerging Societies – Coexistence of Childhood Malnutrition and Obesity.
Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser Pediatr Program, vol 63, pp 25–32,
Nestec Ltd., Vevey/S. Karger AG, Bal, © 2009.
Regional Ca Studies – China
S hi-an Yin
National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chine Center for Dia Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
A bstract
Over the last 30 years, the nutritional status of Chine children has greatly improved due to economic development and improved incomes. In this review, the sta-tus of childhood malnutrition and obesity in China is evaluated bad on the National Nutrition and Health Survey of 2002 (NNHS2002) and the survey on National Student Health and Physical Fitness in China of 2005. Compared with the NNHS19
男枪出装92 survey, the body weights and heights of preschool children in urban and rural areas have significantly improved, and the prevalence of malnutrition (underweight and stunt-ing) has been significantly reduced. However, micronutrient deficiencies, including calcium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamins B1 and B2, are still common in preschool and school children. The data show that the growth and development of Chine children are under our expectations. On the other hand, the national averaged prevalences of over-weight and obesity in the children under 6 years of age are 3.4 or 2.0% as estimated by the Chine or WHO standards, respectively. We are now facing double challenges: to prevent malnutrition and the increa in overweight and obesity in children.
Copyright © 2009 Nestec Ltd., Vevey/S. Karger AG, Bal O ver the last 30 years (1979–2008), the nutritional status of Chine children has greatly improved due to economic development and income increas. At prent, typical malnutrition (for example, vere protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin A or thiamine deficiencies) is not common. However, marginal micronutrient deficiencies (iron, vitamin A, iodine, cal-cium, zinc and vitamin B1 deficiencies) are common in children in urban cit-ies and rural areas [1–3]. Nutritional deficiencies, including anemia, rickets, vitamin A and zinc, are still rious problems affected the growth and devel-opment of children in poor areas. At the same time, the prevalence of over-weight and obesity in children is significantly incread year by ye
ar in the cities, especially in large cities. Reviewing the results of the National Student Health and Physical Fitness of China survey in 2005, the rates of overweight
Yin
and obesity were 13.2 and 11.4%, respectively, for boys aged 7–12 years in cities, indicating increas of 1.4 and 2.7%, respectively, compared to the sur-vey conducted in 2000. That is, there has been a significant increa in over-weight and obesity in children and adolescents within 5 years [4].
Economic Development and Chronic Non-Communicable
Dias
Economic Development Change from 1979 to 2008 in China
For three decades since 1979, following the reform and opening-up of China, the Chine have gone through a stage of transition from adequate food and clothing to a well-off society. The goal of quadrupling China’s gross national product by 2000 was reached at the end of 1997. Per capita dispos-able income achieved the breakthrough goal of 10,000 Chine yuan (= USD 1,220) in 2005.
Personal income per capita has significant incread in urban and rural areas and reached USD 1,740 in 2006. The increa in China’s econ-omy was 11.4% in 2007 (the fastest pace in 13 years).
Prevalence of Chronic Non-Communica b le Dias Significantly Increas with the Change in Living Pattern at the National Level
It has been reported that the ratio of the number of chronic dia deaths to the total number of deaths has rin from 73.8% in 1991 to 80.9% at the national level in 2000; deaths were 85.3 and 76.5% in urban and rural areas of China, respectively. Over the last 10 years, mortality rates for cancers, cerebrovascular dias, diabetes and coronary heart dia have shown an upward trend. For example, in China, hypertension has been the number one killer. The prevalence of hypertension in people over the age of 18 is 18.8%. It is estimated that about 160 million people have hypertension; an increa of more than 70 million patients from 1991 to 2002. Another rious threat to health and survival is the incread incidence of diabetes. Bad on the data of 2002, the prevalence of diabetes in people over 18 years of age in China was 6.1, 3.7 and 1.8% in large cities, small- and medium-sized cities, and rural areas, respectively. Compared with the rate in 1996, the prevalence in the large cities ro by 40% in only 6 years [1].
Growth Status of Chine Children
Bad on the National Nutritional and Health Survey in 2002, the body weights and heights of preschool children in urban and rural areas improved significantly compared to the results in 1992 (tables 1, 2) [3]. The heights and weights of preschool children in urban and rural areas improved significantly with the increa in houhold income [3].
Regional Ca Studies – China
小学二年T a b l e 1. C h a n g i n g t r e n d i n h e i g h t (c m ) o f C h i n e s e c h i l d r e n f r o m 1992 t o 2002
A g e U r b a n R u r a l y e a r s b o y s g i r l s b o y s g i r l s 1992
2002g a i n
19922002
g a i n 1992
2002g a i n 1992
2002g a i n
国家统计数据库
2a
087.6090.12.5088.2089.00.8085.5087.62.1084.7086.21.53095.4099.74.3094.5098.84.3092.0095.13.1091.0094.23.24102.4106.03.6099.9105.05.1098.5101.83.3097.4101.03.65108.2112.24.0106.6111.54.9104.9108.23.3103.8107.43.66–7113.5118.44.9
112.6
117.04.4110.2113.12.9109.6112.93.3a M e a s u r e d l e n g t h f o r c h i l d r e n l e s s t h a n 3 y e a r s .
T a b l e 2. C h a n g i n g t r e n d i n b o d y w e i g h t (k g ) o f C h i n e s e c h i l d r e n f r o m 1992 t o 2002
A g e U r b a n R u r a l y e a r s b o y s
g i r l s
b o y s
g i r l s
19922002g a i n
1992
2002g a i n 1992
2002
g a i n
1992
2002
g a i n
212.813.50.712.712.7012.212.80.611.711.90.2314.716.01.314.515.40.913.814.30.513.213.80.6416.817.81.015.917.01.115.416.00.615.015.50.5518.619.71.117.719.01.317.117.70.616.617.10.56–720.722.21.5
20.021.11.119.119.40.3
18.418.70.3
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实践报告Prevalence of Malnutrition in Chine Children under 7 Years of Age in China
The remarkable nutritional improvement of children in the 1990s is the conquence of the rapid socioeconomic development of China [5, 6]. For example, the prevalence of underweight in urban and rural areas was reduced from 10.1 and 20.0% in 1992 to 3.1 and 9.3%, respectively, in 2002, and the prevalence of stunting in urban and rural areas was reduced from 19.1 and 35.0% in 1992 to 4.9 and 17.3%, respectively in 2002 (tables 3, 4) in the same period.
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Chine Children and Adolescents
• The national averaged prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chine children and adolescents is shown in figure 1. The rates of overweight and obesity for the children under 6 years were 3.4 or 2.0% as esti-mated using the Chine or WHO standards, respectively, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity for 7–17 years was 4.5% (4.2% by WHO) and 2.1% (1.8% by WHO), respectively, in 2002. Using the Chine standard, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in cities and rural areas is prented in figure 2 [1, 7].
Micronutrient Status of Chine Children in China
反三角函数公式表
The data from the National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002 showed that the growth and development of Chine children is far from ideal. Micronutrient deficiencies, including calcium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamins B1 and B2, are quite common in preschool and school children. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are still a rous problem bad on the National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002. This survey showed that the preva-lence of anemia in children (6–9 years) was 13–14% in cities [3], indicating that the children are at a high risk of having anemia. The characteristics of anemia in China are that the apparent iron intake is adequate, however, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are the most common nutritional defi-ciency problems, particularly among young children due to the poor absorp-tion of iron from plant food, and thus the amount of absorbable iron is not enough to meet the iron requirements.
With regard to vitamin A deficiency, the mean vitamin A level in the rum of 10,784 children in five districts of Shenyang City in China was 1.20 ± 0.44 µmol/l [8], and 33.1 and 10.5% of children have rum retinol levels of 0.7–1.05 and 0.35–0.69 µmol/l, respectively, showing that the vitamin A levels of
腊梅的诗Regional Ca Studies – China
T a b l e 3. C o m p a r i s o n o f u n d e r w e i g h t p r e v a l e n c e o f c h i l d r e n u n d e r 5 y e a r s o f a g e f r o m 1992 t o 2002 (%)
A g e , y e a r s
N a t i o n a l
U r b a n
R u r a l
19922002
c h a n g e
19922002c h a n g e 19922002c h a n g e
0 9.72.6–73.2 8.71.7–80.510.0 2.9–71.0119.38.4–56.5 9.84.6–53.121.8 9.6–56.0219.29.8–49.010.65.1–51.921.011.2–46.7320.79.4–54.6 8.52.4–71.823.811.7–50.84–518.19.6–47.012.43.4–72.619.511.5–41.0T o t a l 18.07.8
–56.710.13.1–69.320.009.3–53.5
T a b l e 4. C o m p a r i s o n o f s t u n t i n g p r e v a l e n c e o f c h i l d r e n u n d e r 5 y e a r s o l d f r o m 1992 t o 2002 (%)
A g e , y e a r s
N a t i o n a l
大手牵小手歌词
U r b a n
R u r a l
19922002
c h a n g e
19922002c h a n g e
1992
2002笛弄晚风三四声
c h a n g e
014.4 8.0–44.410.73.9–63.615.2 9.2–39.5133.818.0–46.719.98.6–56.837.320.9–44.0230.315.1–50.217.28.0–53.533.017.3–47.6336.615.2–58.519.03.3–82.641.019.0–53.74–537.416.1–57.024.84.9–80.240.619.6–51.7T o t a l 31.914.3
–55.219.14.9–74.5
35.017.3–50.6
