摘要
随着语言学研究的不断深入特别是语用学的蓬勃发展,语境研究日益受到学者们的关注与重视。语境已成为语言学文献中使用最频繁的术语之~,它在语言学研究中的地位举足轻重。语用学作为一门“研究浯境意义”的学科,使语境理沦研究最终能在语言学众多理论中占有一席之地。而同时上个世纪语言学家的语境理论成果又为后人在这方面更深入的研究奠定了基础。遗憾的是,虽然语境研究硕果累累,但却显得零散,片面,缺乏系统性。
快活造句语境即语言环境,它包括一切有助于解读话语台义的要素。近年来随着翻译理论研究的不断深入,人们已渐渐意识到语境在整个翻译过程中的重要性,语境与翻译密不可分。正如奈达所说,翻译是一个复杂的过程,语言本身又是复杂的,但交际中所涉及到的因素更为复杂,因为语言不是孤立存在的。事实上,语境的应用研究已经深入到了包括翻译在内的多个领域。本文通过大量实例,分析语境在翻译中的功能,以及语境对原文的理解及翻译活动的影响。嗣时本文探讨了语境影响翻译的原因,论证了没有依据语境正确理解原文就不可能有准确翻译,语境在理解与翻译的过程中起着举足轻重的作用,是正确理解与翻译的基础这一论点,并指出只要译者时刻注意语境因素对翻译的制约和影响,那么对原文的错误理解以及由此造成的译文中的错误表达便可以避免。
本文涉及的语境包括影响言语产生和理解的一切直接和非直接因素。语境因素所属的层级越高,在语言
中就越隐蔽,同时对语言的理解和表达的作用也越关键。本文依据功能对等理论作为评判翻译的标准,结合具体的翻译实践,运用定性的研究方法依次分析了语言语境,情景语境和文化语境在翻译过程中对原文和译文语言表达形式的选择和体现方面所产生的不同影响。在此基础上,作者得出以下结论:翻译受语境的影响和制约;语境是分层次的,语境因素所属的层次越高,其在语言中就越隐蔽,对意思的阐释和制约作用也越关键,同时也越容易被译者所忽略。本文具有理论和实践的意义,它提醒译者在翻译的过程中加强语境意识,尤其注意隐性语境的作用,发挥语境的功能,从而减少误译和错译。
关键词:语境层级英汉互译理解表达
Abstract
RecentyearshavewitnessedgreatdevelopmentinthetranslationstudiesWhat’Smoreimportant,linguisticanalyseshavefoundwideuseintranslatingASiSwelJknown,athoroughexpositionhasbeenaccordedcontextandtranslationamongcurrenttranslationstudies.ThispaperiSconcernedwithtranslationand,inparticular、with
proposingthisneworientationtothestudyoftranslation.Int11isthesis.emphasisiSputandusesofcontextintranslating.Itbeginswithadiscussionofrelationsontheroles
betweencontextandtranslation.followedbyaninvestigationont}leconceptofcontextinalinguisticperspective,finally,theapplicationofcontextinthewholeprocessoftranslationiSillustratedwithexamples.Atthesametimesomemethodsforeliminatingtranslators’dilemmaarepresented.whicharebotheffectiveandpracticable.TheauthortendstoprovethesignificanceofcontextinanoveralltranslationAccordingly,thisthesisisorganizedinsuchawayastoexplainfirstanumberoftheimportantfeaturesoftranslationandthenthoseofcontextinitsrelationtotranslationactivitiesInChapter1
.abriefintroductiontothebackgroundofthestudyiSpresentedwithcarefulobservations.Chapter2dealswiththerelationsbetweencontextandtranslation.inwhichthenatureandfeaturesoftranslationaretreatedrespectively.InChapter3.thereaderisreferredtoacompleteliteraturereviewofthepastandpresentcontexttheories,whichisaccomplishedbyquotingfromquiteafewrenownedlinguistsInaddition,theclassificationsandfunctionsofcontextaresummarized.Chapter4iSconcernedwiththeconceptofcontextiDapragmaticperspective,acommonapproachintranslationstudies.Chapter5discussesthehierarchicalnatureoftranslationcontextanditsvariousUSeSintranslatingareelaboratedwithplentyofcasesinpoint.Chapter6iSconcemedwithhowtexttranslationsareinfluencedbycontext,whoseelnphasisiS1aidontheapplicationoftran
slationcontextsintexttranslations.AmrtherstudyontheroleofcontextinstylereproductioniSdiscussedbriefly.InChapter7、aconclusionisdrawnonthebasisofthepreviousstudiesthatcontextdoesplayanincreasinglyimportantroleintheperfectrenderingofsourcetextsintotargetlanguage.Thus,the
translation.
paperprovesthepointthatcontextiSanintegralpartof
板栗排骨汤的做法Keywords:contextpragmaticshierarchyapplication
E.C&C.Etranslation
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枷《1.t3
Chapter1lntroduction
Whatistranslating?TranslatingisacomplexandfascinatingtaskAsIARichards万众一心众志成城
(1953)hasclaimed,translatingisprobablythemostcomplextypeofeventinthehistoryofthecosmos.However,ourstudyoftranslationstrategiesisfarfromsatisfactorythoughweoftenboastofourlonghistoryoftranslating.Whatisthenature
oftranslating.'?Whatisthebiggestdifficultyintranslating?Somepeopleimaginethatthegreatestproblemintranslatingistofindtherightwordsandconstructionsinthereceptorortargetlanguage.Infact,thatisnotthewholestoryOnthecontrary,themostdifficulttaskforthetranslatorsistounder
standthoroughlythedesignativeandassociativemeaningsofthetexttobetranslated.Thisinvolvesnotonlyknowingthemeaningsofthewordsandthesyntacticrelations,butalsobeingsensitivetoallthenuancesofthestylisticdevices,Toputitsimply,itisnecessaryforanytranslatorto
graspallthesubtleandshadedmeaningsembodiedintheenvironmentorcontextofthe
canbereferredtoasthesocialenvironment,asourcelanguage.Thisenvironment
naturalphenomenon,theco-textofadiscourseortheprecedingandsubsequent
translatorsummeduphisproblem,“IfIreallyunderstoodparagraphs.Asonestruggling
whatthetextmeans,Icouldeasilytranslateit.”
Thesignificanceofcontextintranslationhasalreadybeenuniversallyagreeduponinthefieldoftranslationstudiesathomeandabroad.AccordingtoPeterNewmark,“contextistheoverridingfactorinalltranslation,madhasprimacyoveranyrule,theoryorprimarymeaning'’∽TextbookofTranslation,2001:80).Eu【geneA.Nida(2001:164),theAmericantheoristoftranslationsaid,‘‘thecontextnotonlydetermineshowawordistobeunderstood,butalsohowitistobetranslated”.JohnLyons,anotherrenownedlinguist,wentevenfurtherbysaying“thecontextissuchthatallbutoneofthepossibleinterpretationsareirrelevantorrelativelypossible.’’Heholdsthatcontextmaybetheonlyfactortodecidewhetherthereader’sinterpretationoftheoriginalmeaningis
a股和b股的区别是什么
ofmeaningusuallydependsontheappropriateornot.Inotherwordsthegrasping
andtargetlanguages.Ourexperienceshowsthatthecontextasimpliedinthesource
meaningofaspecificexpressionmaybesubjecttovariousinterpretationsindifferent
contexts.Therefore,agoodknowledgeofcontextanditsusesintranslationisabsolutelynecessary.
Butwhatiscontext?Howcanoneclassifytheheterogeneousphenomenaunderthe
function?AsHymesputit.‘‘contextisheading“context”andinwhatwaydoescontext
definedastheformandcontentoftext,setting,participants,needs,key,medium.genre:祭怎么读
2ATentativeStudyofContextsinE—C&C—ETranslating
山海经30个神话故事
interactionalnorms”Itseemsthatcontextcoverseverythingthatis
necessaryfora
betterunderstandingoftheoriginaltextInfact,contextistooobscureaconceptIbr
anyscholarstotreatitexactly.Eversincetheinitiationofthenotionofcontext,manylinguistsandtranslatorshavedevotedhugeeffortstOthesubject,Becauseofcontext’Srichconnotationanddiversifiedfeatures,manylinguistsholddifferentviewsofhowitistObedefinedItfollowsthattheauthorofthispapertends协givearelativelycomprehensiveaccountofwhathasbeenaccomplishedinthisfield.Ananalysisoftherelationshipbetweencontextandinterculturalcommunicationingeneralandthatbet
weencontextandtranslationinparticularisgiven,followedbyadetailedillustrationofcontextualfactorsthatexertgreatinfluenceonthechoiceofdiscourse.Forthesakeofconvenience,theauthorofthispapertendstoredefinetheconceptofcontextasfollows:
Contextincludesalldirectaswellasindirectfactorsthatinfluencetheproductionandinterpretationofutterances.Contextfallsintothreemajorgroups:linguisticcontext,situationalcontextandculturalcontext.Contextenjoysahierarchicalnature;differentcontextsexertdifferentinfluencesontranslation.Contextperformstwomainfunctions:restrictiveandinterpretativefunctions.ThetruthisthatEugeneA.Nida(2001)isthe
andputsonlyonewhokeepsamostcarefuleyeonthero
lecontextplaysintranslation
forthninekindsofcontextforwords.However,nocompleteexamplesoftranslationareprovidedinhiselaboration,andhisnotionofcontextisnotwellsorted,whichmakesaratherabstractandconfusingreading.That’Swhythechiefaimofthisstudyistoconstructaframeworkoftheever-changingcontextintranslating,whichhasbeenanewfocusintranslationstudieslately.
Thisthesisconsistsmainlyoffivechapters.Chapter2providesabroadviewofthetranslationactivityandtherelationsbetweencontextandtranslationareclearlystated.WhatfollowsinChapter3isacomprehensiveliteraturereviewofthecontexttheory,itshistoryanditscurrentdevelopment,Afterthat,theauthorattemptstoexplorethe
andthefeaturesofcontextarebrieflycategoriesofcontextwithindifferentdisciplines
discussedChapter4treatscontextinapragmaticsense,fortheprimaryobjectof
utteranceistobeinterpretedindifferentcontexts.pragmaticsistoinvestigatehowan
有谁知我此时情whichChapter5approachesthelinguisticandnon—linguisticcontextsrespectively,in
theiruniquepropertyinrenderingthesourcetextperfectlyspecialemphasisisplacedon
levels:lexical,grammatical,andtextualLinguisticcontextCanbedealtwithatfour
whiienon.1inguisticcontextcanbefurtherdividedintosituationalcontext,socialcontextandcult
uralcontext,Chapter6illustratestheelementsofbothlinguisticand