现在完成时的构成和用法
I．
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现在完成时
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：主语+have/has +p.p（过去分词）+其他
4.否定形式：主语+have/has + not +p.p（过去分词）+其他
5.一般疑问句：have或has。
6.例句：I've written an article.
甲字成语
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.
II． 现在完成时
1. 现在完成时的构成：助动词have/has + 过去分词
2. 现在完成时的主要用法
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⑴表示从过去某一时刻开始并一直延续到现在的动作或事情,但动作或事情现在已经结束。
Someone has just turned off the light. 有人刚把灯关了。
吃阿胶糕的禁忌 I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了家庭作业。
⑵表示从过去某一时刻开始并一直延续到现在的动作或事情,但动作或事情可能仍在继续。
I want to e how much the place changed since I saw it last. 我想看看从上次见到那地方以来它发生了多大变化。
I have learnt English for more than ten years. 我已经学了10多年的英语。
⑶表示人曾有过或到目前为止从未有过的经历.
Have you ever been to the Summer Palace? 你曾去过颐和园吗?
I have never had a car. 我从未有过汽车。
⑷现在完成时还常与句型 This is the first time…，It’s the first time …连用。
This is the first time he has driven a car. 这是他第一次开车。
⑸现在完成时和最高级连用表示到现在为止是最…的。
It’s the most boring film I’ve ever en.这是我看过的最令人厌烦的电影。
3. 现在完成时的时间状语
⑴ 常与不确定的时间状语连用，如:already, never, ever, just, yet, before, up to now, so far, for the last few weeks等,表示“到目前为止”所发生的动作.
⑵还可以和包括现在在内(到说话时仍未结束)的,表示一段时间的状语连用，如:now, today, this morning (afternoon, evening, week, month, year), the days, since, for a long time等.
⑶ since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今，since之后的时间为一点。
Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984.
1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。
He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college.
他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。
⑷ for短语表示动作延续多长时间，for的宾语为时间段。
We have known each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。
I haven’t en her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。
⑸ just, lately, recently是完成时的时间状语，just now 有a moment ago 之意，是一般过去时的时间状语。
The train has just arrived. 火车刚到。
Did you e Joan just now? 你刚才看到琼了吗？
Have you heard from your family lately/recently?
你最近收到家人的来信了吗？
⑹ in the past few years 意思是“过去几年来”，可作现在完成时的时间状语；in the past意思是“在过去”，常作一般过去时的时间状语。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years.
过去几年来，我的家乡发生了很大的变化。
Where did you work in the past? 你过去在哪里工作？
⑺ even since then与from then on (after that)都有“打那以后”之意，前者是完成时的时间状语，后者常用作一般过去时的时间状语。
She’s lived here ever since then. 打那以后，她一直住在这。
I didn’t hear of Jim from then on/after that. 打那以后，我就没有吉姆的消息。
⑻ before泛指“以前”时，可用于现在完成时中；ago表示“现在的一段时间以前”，是一般过去时的时间状语。
I’ve never been to Japan before. 我以前没去过日本。
江苏景区
She went to Japan a year ago. 她一年前去了日本。
⑼、ever和never也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。前者意思是“曾经”，多见于疑问句或否定句中；后者意思是“从来没有”，表示全部否定。
“Have you ever en the film?” “No. I have never en it.”
“你曾经看过这部影片吗？” “没有， 从来没看过。”
Nobody in our class has ever been there. 我们班没有人去过那。
⑽ already和yet常见于现在完成时中，有“已经”之意。前者一般用在肯定句中，后者用在疑问句中。yet在否定句中有“还”之意。
“Has the bus left yet”? “汽车开走了吗?”
“Yes. It has already left.” “是的，已经开走了。”
“No. It hasn’t left yet. “不，还没有开走。 ”
⑾so far(到目前为止)，the days(这些天) 也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。
So far, no man has travelled farther than the moon.
到目前为止， 还没有人到月球以外旅行。
What have you done the days? 这些天来，你做了什么事？
⑿now, today, this morning, this year等有时可以用现在完成时中，以表示到说话时这一时
间尚未结束。
I have learned how to swim now. 我现在终于学会了怎样游泳。
Have you en Han Meimei this morning? 你今天上午看到韩梅梅了吗？
4. 短暂性动词与时间段的关系
短暂性动词在肯定句、疑问句中不能与时间段连用，这些动词是：become, begin, buy, borrow, arrive, come, die, fall, finish, get to know, go, join, leave, marry 等。
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为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词have，keep等或短语“be+名词（形容词、位置副词、介词短语）”来 代替短暂性动词。
become →be, begin→have , borrow → keep, buy → have,
come (go, arrive, get) →be here/there/in…，leave→be away (from…),我的观察日记
die→be dead, fall asleep (ill) →be asleep (ill), finish→ be over,
get to know→know, join→be in …（be a member of … ）, marry→be married等
也可以仍用原短暂性动词，用句型“It is … since从句（从句中用一般过去时）”或用“一般过去时+ …ago”这一结构来表述延续性的动作或状 态。
他入党五年了。
He has been in the Party for five years.
He has been a Party member for five years.方位英语
It is five years since he joined the Party.
He joined the Party five years ago.
电影开始五分钟了。
The film has been on for five minutes.
It is five minutes since the film began
The film began five minutes ago.
但在否定句中，短暂性动词可以与时间段连用。
如：I haven’t bought the bike for a year.
我买这辆自行车还不到一年。
She hasn’t come here for an hour.
她来这儿还没有一个小时。
5. have been 与have gone 的用法比较
have been to a place 意思是“到过，去过”，表示曾经到过某处，但现在人不在那儿。
