中图分类号：TU986.1 文献标识码： A
文章编号：1673-1530（2009）03-0020-06
收稿日期：2009-04-20
修回日期：2009-05-30
幼儿期银行转账关键词：风景园林；城市河道；规划设计；绿色基础设施
Key words: Landscape Architecture;
Urban River; Planning and Design; Green Infrastructure 摘要：迈阿密河是美国最短城市河流之一，同时也是佛罗里达州南部最古老的天然地标。迈阿密的意思是“甘甜的水”，2500年以来迈阿密河一直是从沼泽地到比斯坎湾的淡水出水口。直到20世纪40年代，河流仍然主要呈自然状态。二战期间河流为船只生产制造业发挥了重要作用，而现如今沿河的使用主要面向海洋工业活动和国际航运。在过去30年里，社区领导和居民们已计划将河流从工业资源转变成为充满活力的社会资产。绿道公司被委托为“迈阿密河绿色行动计划”制定规划。计划进一步提高了河道的可达性和实用性，使其更好为企业、居民和游客服务；同时也促进了海洋工业活动的繁荣发展，提高了土地价值。此外，新增加的娱乐设施使得河流成为目的地景观。迈阿密的自然和文化遗产得到保护和改善，让子孙后代也能从中受惠。
三个和尚的故事Abstract: The Miami River is one of the shortest urban rivers in the nation and oldest natural landmark in southern Florida. Miami means “sweet water,” and the river has for 2,500 years been the freshwater outlet from the Everglades to Biscayne Bay. Until the 1940’s, the river remained principally natural. During World War Two, the river took on a significant role in the production of boat manufacturing and us along the river are now heavily oriented toward marine industrial activity and international shipping. For the past three decades community leaders and residents have planned for the transformation of the River from an industrial resource to a vibrant community ast. Greenways Incorporated was commissioned to devi a plan of action for implementing the Miami River Greenway Action Plan. The resulting Plan has made the river more accessible and uable for business, residents and tourists; marine industrial activity is thriving and prospering; land values have steadily improved; new recreational amenities have made the river a destination landscape; and an important element of Miami’s natural and cultural heritage has been protected and enhanced for future generations to enjoy.
鑫的字义>花胶汤迈阿密河绿道
Miami River Greenway
一条工业河流的绿色基础设施
Green Infrastructure for a Working River
撰文 (美)查尔斯·A·弗林克
Text by Charles. A. FLINK (US)
个乐
翻译 孙帅
Translation by SUN Shuai
校对 于涵
骆组词拼音Proofreading by YU Han
图01
图02
图01 迈阿密河是美国东南部最古老的地标，也是该地社区别称，意思是“甘甜的水”。
Fig.01 The Miami River is the oldest natural landmark in southeast and the namesake for the community-which means “sweet water.”
图02 方案图
Fig.02 Concept plan
图03 风景园林师开创造出一种简单的运作模式，使绿道成为基础设施服务于河流廊道。
Fig.03 The Landscape Architect developed a simple program of activity that would rve as the basis for change along the river corridor.
在过去的50年中，位于佛罗里达州迈阿密河市区的迈阿密河一直是一条工业河流（图01）。这条5.5英里城市河流始于迈阿密国际机场东缘，并继续向南流入比斯坎湾，它是世界上最短的城市河流之一。迈阿密河地区是几十家海洋产业公司的聚集地，经营范围包括专业化的船舶制造、服务和维修。长年以来，迈阿密河给人留下负面的印象：犯罪活动的避风港、毒品交易地以及社区后院的下水道。但这并非一贯如此。实际上“迈阿密”的意思是“甘甜的水”，河流是源自佛罗里达大沼泽地南端的淡水流出水口。在城市形成初期，迈阿密河曾经是一个居民生活、娱乐和文化中心。
在1998年，美国非营利性环保组织——公共土地信托基金会(The Trust for Public Land，简称TPL)，应邀与联邦政府任命的迈阿密河委员会一起，共同分析可以采取哪些措施来清理河道，并恢复其原有状态。在各方努力下，迈阿密河绿色通道应运而生。这是一项绿色基础设施项目，也是意义重大的城
市保护计划（图02-03）。绿色通道受惠于环保组织、政府机构、企业和社区团体多年合作的共同努力，他们一起恢复了河流的生态和历史遗迹，同时解决了在河流周边生活和工作的人们的社会和经济需求。
绿道公司是一家从事环境规划和景观设计的美国公司，它与公共土地信托基金会（TPL）以及迈阿密河委员会共同编写了《迈阿密河绿色通道行动计划》。这项计划为健康的城市重建带来了“绿色印记”，让人们意识到迈阿密河作为资源以及公共娱乐设施的潜力，同时带动附近社区的改进，更能吸引人们来这里居住和工作（图04）。该绿色通道项目是一个广泛的举措，涵盖土地征用、环境恢复、总体规划、政策制定以及对迈阿密河感兴趣的选民们所达成的共识。在过去10年里，随着照明设施、标识系统、历史纪念碑和其他设施的完善，绿色通道成为景观大道和散步道，为居民及游客提供服务。
图03
1 绿色通道工程
绿道公司为绿色通道工程确定了如下5项重要的设计和发展“主题”：
1.1 天然河流
迈阿密河一直拥有重要的水资源和野生动物资源。目前仍有一种濒危海牛生活在迈阿密河，象征着生态系统正处于危机之中。这种颇受欢迎的动物将受益于河流环境的恢复。一项由美国联邦政府资助的疏浚工程正消除污染的河底沉积物，并加深河道。而巩固海岸线的工作也旨在清理河流和恢复河流的健康和美丽。
1.2 工业河流
美国与加勒比群岛近20%的货物贸易需要穿越迈阿密河。这条河是国际级的船运转运点，每年有来自100多个港口的200万吨货物往来于此，估计有40亿美元的年货物运量。迈阿密河是佛罗里达州的第四大港口也是城市最大的雇主之一。据评估，河流的资产高达13亿美元，每年创造近2000万美元的财产税。在2000年，迈阿密河地区的酒店共接待50万在此过夜的客人，年消费额达1亿美元①
。
1.3 目的地景观
这条绿道通过码头、货物以及各种各样的商业活动，向公众展示出这条繁忙河流的缩影。迈阿密河已成为游客和当地居民进行餐饮、购物等各种娱乐活动的热点区域。该绿色通道已经将迈阿密河从过去的城市败笔转变成为一个主要的旅游景点。人行道、自行车道、餐馆和咖啡馆、饭店、旅馆、商场和历史遗址的有机结合，使迈阿密河成为南佛罗里达州的最吸引人的景点之一(图05-06)。
1.4 河流的遗产
迈阿密河的考古记录向人们展示了从美洲土著人到19世纪开始定居于此的现代移民活动。这些故事生
图04
动有趣，颇具吸引力。迈阿密河口的“迈阿密环”是一个独特的人工构筑物，反映了2000多年前在迈阿密河沿岸居住的美国土著人的文化。沿河有许多历史悠久的建筑，例如达拉斯堡、苏格兰礼寺、瓦格纳众议院和迈阿密河客栈等。
1.5 河流即是家园
迈阿密河沿岸居住着大量不同文化背景的人。自从南佛罗里达州出现最早的人类定居点以来，这条河流就开始成为生活中心。各类亲水家园沿河分布，有的充满田园诗意，有的历史悠久，有的经典不朽，有的则现代气息十足。这个地区有着丰富的历史和文化资源，有上城（Overtown）、春花园（Spring Garden）、格罗夫公园（Grove Park）、阿拉帕塔社区(Allapattah)和东小哈瓦那（East Little Havana）(图07-08)。
2 参与性规划和设计
绿道公司在制定绿道行动计划的过程中促成了
一个开放的参与性规划设计（图09）。通过广泛征求来自不同文化背景社区的意见，从而制定了可行的沿
河绿道发展计划。该行动计划结合地理信息系统(GIS)的数据为大众确定出了新的“绿道层”。此外，三维计算机生成的未来河流廊道模型展示出了河流未来发展的蓝本。该行动计划还提供了完整的开发成本评估、运作和管理建议以及项目发展的战略。
3 结论
迈阿密河绿色通道项目在短短10年的时间内获得了巨大的成功，它帮助迈阿密市区和城市核心区吸引了数百万美元的新投资。现在，迈阿密河流域
已经成为南佛罗里达最受欢迎的定居地。“绿道”在“变废为宝”方面为全世界的城市工业河流景观提供了一个极佳的模式。
注释：
①资料来源：迈阿密河经济委员会的报告
②图01由迈阿密河委员会提供；图02-06、09由绿道公司提供；图07-08由提供
图04 住宅区效果图
Fig.04 Perspective of the residential
图05 地下桥洞效果图
Fig.05 Perspective of underpass
图06 人行道的剖面图
Fig.06 Section of the pathway
图07 在“一个迈阿密”项目中的河岸散步道展示了河流是如何发生变化的，现在它为居民提供了通往比斯坎湾和迈阿密河的通道。Fig.07 The riverwalk promenade at the One Miami project illustrates how the river has changed and now offers access to Biscayne Bay and the river. 图06图07
作者简介：
查尔斯·A·弗林克/男/美国人/毕业于北卡罗来纳州立大学设计学院/风景园林师/美国北卡罗来纳州绿道公司总裁
译者简介：
孙帅/1986年生/男/山西人/北京林业大学园林学院硕士生（北京 100083）
校对简介：
于涵/1984年生/男/江西人/北京林业大学园林学院硕士生（北京 100083）
图05
For the past 50 years, the Miami River in downtown Miami, Florida has been an industrial, working river (Fig.01). This 5.5 mile urban river begins at the eastern edge of the Miami International Airport and continues south to Biscayne Bay. It is one of the shortest urban rivers in the World. The river is home to dozens of marine industries that specialize in boat manufacture, rvice and repair. Through the years, the River had a negative image as a haven for criminal activity, drug dealings and backyard wer of the community. But this was not always the ca, in fact “Miami” means “sweet water,” and the river is an outlet for freshwater fl ows from the southern tip of the Florida Everglades. During early ttlement of the city, the r iver was a centerpiece of life, recreation and culture.
In 1998, The Trust for Public Land (TPL), a United States non-pro f i t conrvation organization, was asked to work with the federally appointed Miami River Commission (“Commission”) to e what steps could be taken to clean up and restore the River to its former prominence. From this effort emerged the Miami River Greenway, a “green infrastructure” project and signifi cant urban conrvation program (Fig.02-03). The Greenway is the results of a multi-year collaboration of organizations, government agencies, business and neighborhood groups working together to restore the ecological and historic heritage of the river while addressing the social and economic needs of the people who live and work along the river.
Greenways Incorporated, a United States environmental planning and landscape architecture fi rm, worked with TPL and the Commission to prepare the Miami River Greenway Action Plan. The resulting Greenway Plan offers a "greenprint" for healthy urban redevelopment - a strategy to realize the potential of the Miami River as
a resource and public amenity, while spurring neighborhood improvements that have transformed the area into
a more attractive place to live and work (Fig.04). The Greenway is a broad initiative that encompass land
acquisition, environmental restoration, master planning, policy development and connsus building among the many constituencies interested in the river. During the past 10 years, the Greenway has emerged as a landscaped pathways and promenade along the river, complete with lighting, signage, historic markers and other amenities.
1 The Greenway Project
Greenways Incorporated de f i ned veral important “themes” of design and development for the Greenway project: 1) The Natural River, 2) The Working River, 3) A Destination Landscape 4) River Heritage and 5) The River is Home.
1.1 The Natural River
The Miami River has always been an important source of water and wildlife. The endangered manatee, while still at home in the river, symbolizes the ecosystem at risk. This popular animal will bene f i t from steps being taken to restore the environmental
health of the river. A United States federal government funded dredging project is removing contaminated diments from the river and deepening the channel. Shoreline stabilization is also occurring in order to clean the river and restore its health and beauty.
1.2 The Working River
Nearly 20 percent of the United State’s cargo trade with Caribbean islands travels through the Miami River. The river is an international transfer point for shippers who annually move two million tons of cargo to and from more than 100 ports of call. With an estimated $4 billion in annual cargo volume, the Miami River is Florida's fourth largest port and one of the
city's largest employers. River properties are assd at $1.3 billion and generate nearly $20 million in annual property taxes. Hotels on the Miami River rved half a million overnight guests in 2000, reprenting annual expenditures of $100 million.(Source: Miami River Commission Economic Report)
1.3 Destination Landscape
The Greenway offers an up clo view of the Working River, with the daily bustle of shipyards, cargo and commercial activity. The river has become a focal point of tourism and entertainment - a place where visitors and residents go for dining, shopping and recreation. The Greenway has transformed the Miami River from liability to major tourist attraction. Walkways and bike trails, restaurants and cafes, hotels, inns, shopping and historic sites:
all combine to make the Miami River one of South Florida’s most appealing attractions (Fig.05-06).
1.4 River Heritage
The archaeological record of the Miami River reveals a fascinating story of human activity, from Native Americans to 19th century ttlers to modern day immigrants. The Miami Circle, at the mouth of the river, is a
unique artifact believed to re f l e ct the culture of the Native Americans who lived on the river 2,000 years ago.
石榴籽可以吃吗
Along the river are also many examples of historic architecture - Fort Dallas, the Scottish Rite Temple, Wagner Hou and the Miami River Inn among others.
1.5 The River is Home
The Miami River is home to a large and diver population. From South Florida's earliest ttlement, the
river has been a center of life, with waterfront homes in styles rustic, historic, classic and contemporary. Historic
图08
