Work, Labor and Play
16个去除痘印的小妙招
So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the esntial difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, condly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict n has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himlf but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.
据我所知，最先阐明工作和劳动两者之间本质区别的是汉纳·阿伦特女士。人要想快乐，首先必须感到自由，其次，必须感到自己重要。假如迫于社会压力做自己不乐于做的事，或者乐于做的事被认为一文不值，毫不重要，得不到社会的承认，那么这样的人是不可能真正快乐的。严格地说，当今社会已废除奴隶制，一个人的所为之所以具有社会价值，其标志是他得
到报酬，但是今天的雇佣劳动者完全可以被称为工资的奴隶。倘若一个人对社会给予他的差事不感兴趣，干下去只是出于谋生和养家糊口的需要，那么此人就只是个雇佣劳动者。
课题研究的五个步骤
The opposite to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwi we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not.
与劳动相对的是娱乐。我们玩游戏图个开心，不然没人玩游戏，然而这纯粹是个人行为；社会才不在乎我们娱乐与否呢。
Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itlf, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. 月经期间吃什么
介于劳动和娱乐之间的是工作。倘若一个人打心眼里对社会掏钱让他干的差事感兴趣，那
么他就是一个工作者；从社会的角度来看这是必要劳动，到了他那儿成了自愿的娱乐。一件差事究竟是劳动还是工作并不取决于差事本身，而是取决于干这个差事的人的喜好。
The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a man is can be en from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of heart attack and forget their wives’ birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.
这种差异并不等同于，比方说，体力和脑力活之间的区别；园丁和鞋匠可以是工作者，银行的职员反而会是个雇佣劳动者。从一个人对休闲的态度可以看出他属于哪类人。对工作者而言，休闲不过是放松休息几个小时，为的是工作起来效率更高。所以他很可能花很少的时间休息，而不是很多；喜爱工作的人有的死于心脏病垃圾分类会议，有的还常常忘记妻子的生日。
对劳动者而言恰恰相反，休闲意味着摆脱了羁绊，他总盼着少干多玩工作时间越短越好，这种想法也在情理之中。
What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are, like mylf, in the fortunate position of being workers? At a guess I would say sixteen percent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.
在现代技术社会，有百分之几的人能有幸像我一样是工作者呢？我猜可能有百分之十六，并且我认为这个比例在将来也不大可能增加。
Technology and the division of labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospec画小老鼠
t is not cheerful.
技术进步和劳动分工带来两个变化：首先，很多行业不再需要特殊的力量和技能，大量有报酬的职位不再像过去那样有趣，而是变成了无聊单调的劳动，其次是提高了生产率，减少了必要劳动时间。现在已不难想象出这样一个社会，其中大多数人口，即劳动者们，几乎都可以享受到昔日贵族所能享受的同样充分的悠闲安逸。然而，如果回想昔日贵族的所作所为，前景不容乐观。
Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a ason to shoot grou, a ason to spend in town, etc. The mass are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible.
确实，未来的大众社会排遣无聊面临的困难可能会比过去的贵族遇到的还要多。例如，贵族在不同的时间从事不同的活动；有的季节用来猎松鸡，有的季节待在城里，以及诸如此类的安排。人民大众非常可能追随时尚，而非一成不变的仪式，并且时尚和某些人的经济
利益挂钩，所以时尚不断地推陈出新。
Again, the mass cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amuments like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, and nless acts of violence. Workers ldom commit acts of violence, becau they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expresd by the phra “getting one’s teeth into a problem.”
茴香怎么吃再说，人民大众不能都迷上打猎，否则用不了多久，就会无猎物可打。相对于贵族其它的娱乐项目，如赌博、决斗和战争，我们可以轻松地在当代生活中发现类似的活动，如危险的赛车、吸毒和无谓的暴力事件。工作者们很少参与暴力活动，因为他们在工作中可以得到宣泄，不论他们干的是铁匠这种体力活，还是从事科学或艺术的脑力活。有个词组巧妙地表达了脑力劳动中宣泄的作用，这就是“精神抖擞地去解决问题。”
山羊皮1. W. H. Auden: 奥登（1907—1973），英国诗人、文学评论家，20世纪30年代英国左翼
青年作家领袖，40年代起思想向右转变，后期诗歌创作带有浓厚的宗教色彩，1946年入美国籍。
2. Miss Hannah Arendt: 汉纳·阿伦特（1906—1975），美国哲学家。
