上篇
国际贸易法
导论
Introduction
Lesson l Law in General
第一课法律的一般性介绍
不想怎么写辞职书Law
Laws are the roles people need to agree upon if they are to live in peace together. From the earliest times,and in the most savage tribes,laws have been made to say what men may do and what they may not.People cannot obey the law,however,unless they know what it is.So one of the first marks of a civilized people is to have its laws dearly written down and known by everyone.
Nearly four thousand years ago,King Hammurabi gave a code of laws to the BABYLONIANS.Another i
mportant t of laws was the Ten Commandments,given by Mos to the Israelites.The ANCIENT R.OMANS had a fine legal system,on which much modem law is bad.Today,not all countries have the same laws.
Courts of law
Courts are where cas are tried.A ca may be about a criminal offence,such as stealing.Or it may be a civil offence,like a dispute between two business firms.
A court has a high at for the JUDGE,or magistrate,tables and ats for LAWYERS and newspaper men,and ats for the public.If there is a prisoner,he stands inside a litdeenclosure called the dock.People who are connected with the ca may be called to give evidence.They have to swear to tell the troth,and can be punished for not doing so.
Crime
Crime usually means breaking the law in a rious way.Murder(killing someone), assault(injuring someone),and stealing are crimes.A person who has committed a number of crimes is called a criminal.Parking a car in the wrong place is not a crime.It is an offence,however,and the motorist can be punished for it.
When a crime has been committed,the POLICE are mainly responsible for catching the criminal.They must catch the right person.It would be wrong to punish an innocent man who has done nothing.So the police must take the man they catch to COURT,and a magistrate or a JUDGE and JURY must decide whether he is innocent or guilty.
If he is guilty,a criminal can be nt to PRISON for a rious crime.If the crime is not rious,he can be fined(made to pay a sum of money).A criminal can also be put on probation.He will not be punished unless he commits another crime.
A probation officer is put in charge of him.
Judge
A judge is a LAWYER who has worked for most of his life in the COURTS and knows the law thoroughly.He needs a very keen brain and must be fair to both sides.
In some countries,such as Britain and the United States,there is a JURY to help him,and he does not have to decide whether the prisoner is guilty or not.The jury t he guilt or innocence,but the judge helps them by explaining the law.He
also es that the trial is properly run,and sums up the main points before the jury decide.The judge fixes any punishment or ntence.
微信上墙In civil cas(disputes that are not crimes)judges often decide the matter themlves without a jury.
Jury
A jury is a group of men and women,usually twelve,who listen to a law ca. They take a solemn oath to give an honest verdict or decision about what they think is the truth.They do not need to be experts in the law.The JUDGE helps them on legal points.They only have to decide what happened.
The first juries in England were in NORMAN times.Many countries have copied this system.In Britain,until recently,all twelve jurors had to agree before a verdict was reached,but now only ten have to agree.In the United States,all twelve have to reach the same decision.Otherwi there has to be a new trial,with different jurors.
In AUSTRALIA,in civil cas,there are sometimes only four people in a jury. In Scotland there may be as many as15.
Lawyer
People who wish to become lawyers have to study the law for veral years.Lawyers earn their living by advising people and speaking for them in the COURTS.The law is too complicated for most people to understand without help.In Britain there are two kinds of lawyers:a solicitor works mainly in his office and may speak only in the Magistrate's Court;a barrister’s job is to speak in all kinds of courts.At prent only a barrister may become a judge.
In the United States the words are attorney and counlor,but the same lawyer may do the work of both barrister and solicitor.
Justice of the Peace
A Justice of the Peace is also known in Britain as a magistrate.Magistrates are men and women who give up part of their time,without pay,to try cas in the local COURTS and to carry out certain other duties.Usually there are two prent in the court.They may deal only with smaller CRIMES.More rious cas must go before a JUDGE.Magistrates are not usually LAWYERS,but they have one(the clerk) to help them.They also take short training cours in their duties.A few magistrates are full-time,paid lawyers.
In the United States,Justices of the Peace are local officials.In some states they are appointed by th
e governor.In other states they are elected.Their powers are similar to tho of a British magistrate.In large cities the same job is done by POLICE magistrates.
Police
The first duty of a police force is to e that people obey the law.But the police are not only concerned with catching criminals.They have to do such jobs as direct traffic,control crowds,find lost children,rescue people in danger,and give first aid in accidents.In many countries people often go to a policeman for help when they are in trouble.
Most policemen and policewomen wear UNIFORMS.Tho doing detective work often
wear"plain"clothes,so that criminals will not know what they are.If a policeman es a person actually committing a CRIME,he can arrest him on the spot.To make an arrest at other times he must get a court order called a warrant.
The police cannot try to punish people themlves they must take them to the COURTS.But in some countries,especially tho ruled by a DICTATOR,there are cret police that arrest people who protest against the government.
Prisons
When a person has been tried,and is found guilty of a CRIME he may be nt to prison for a certain time.He may,however,be let out early if he behaves well. Sometimes people are put in prison while they are waiting for their trial.Prisons ud to be very harsh places where people were cruelly treated.In some countries they still are.But most civilized countries are trying to make prison a better place, where criminals can learn how to fit into an ordinary working life and live honestly when they come out.Today,there are many"open"prisons,where certain prisoners are not kept locked upon cell,but has some freedom.
New Words
1．savage tribes野蛮民族
2．marks n．特征
3．code of laws法典
4．King Hammurabi汉穆拉比国王(公元前1792年一公元前1750年)
5．Babylonians n．巴比伦人
6．the Ten Commandments基督教十诫
7．Mos n．摩西(犹太教、基督教《圣经》故事中犹太人的古代领袖)
8．legal system法律制度；法律系统
9．ca n．案件；判例
10．try v．审判
11．civil offence民法上的犯法行为；民事过错
12．criminal offence刑法上的犯法行为；刑事犯罪
13．business firm商行；商号；贸易公司
14．prisoner n．犯人，囚犯
15．evidence n．证据
16．swear v．发誓
17．murder n.&v.杀人罪；谋杀罪；杀人；谋杀
18．assault n．伤害罪
19．innocent a．无罪的
20．guilty a．有罪的
21．probation officer监督缓刑犯的官员
22．civil cas民事案件
23．criminal cas刑事案件
24．oath n．宣誓
25．verdict n．正式裁决，判决
26．Norman Times诺曼时代
27．Jusdce(s)of the Peace治安法官(有时略写成JP，在英国英语中有时也用
magistrate表示同样的意思)
28．first aid急救
29．detective work侦探工作，侦查工作
30．plain clothes便衣
31．plain clothes policemen便衣警察
32．warrant n．逮捕令，逮捕证
33．prison n．监狱；牢狱(类似的词还有goal，jail和penitentiary)
34．civilized countries文明国家
35．civilized people文明民族
36．cell n．牢房(尤指小牢房和单人牢房)
37．prisoner n．犯人，囚犯
38．dock n．(刑事法庭上的)被告席
New Phras and Idiomatic Expressions
1．to agree upon(on)一致同意
2．to have sth．done做某事，使某件事完成
3．to be connected with与……相联系
4．to give evidence给予或提供证据
5．to be punished for doing or not doing sth．因做某事或因不做某事而被惩罚6．in a rious wav严重地
7．to commit a crime犯罪
8．to be responsible for(doing)sth．负责做某事
9．to be nt to prison for a crime因犯罪被监禁
10．to be put(or placed)on probation被处以缓刑
11．to be put in charge of sb．or sth．被指定负责某人或某事
12．to be fair to sb．对……人公正
13．to sum up sth．总结某事
14．to take a solemn oath庄严宣誓
15．to reach a verdict or a decision正式裁定或裁决
16．to go before a judge出庭
17．on the spot当场
18．to be found guilty of a crime被判决犯了某一种罪
19．to be let out使……释放出狱
< be kept locked up in cells被关入牢房The jailer locked the convicts up in the cells．看守将犯人关人牢房。
21．to earn one’s living谋生
Notes
1.Law are the rules people need to agree upon if they are to five in peace together．
法律是人民为在一起平安生活需要一致同意的规则。
If they are to live in peace together．
如果他们想在一起平安地生活。
当归功效2.legal system法律制度或法律系统，包括法的渊源、法院系统和律师界(sources of law，court system and legal profession)。
3．The jury ttle guilt or innocence．陪审团认定有罪或无罪。
4.He also es that the trial is properly run……此句中的“to e that”是
“e to it that”的简要表达形式，意思是“注意”，“必须保证”。
5．Lawyer earn their living by advising people and speaking for them in courts．“律师”一词在英美语中的表达方法是不同的。lawyer是英国英语，attorney or attorney at law(律师)是美语。
长相思教学设计Exercis让怎么写
1.Answer the following questions in English：
1．What is law?
2．What is court?
3．What is crime?
4．Is there any difference between a crime and an offence?
5．Do the judge and the jury do the same job in coup?
6．How do lawyers earn their living in the West?
一百元折爱心
7．Is justice of the peace the same as magistrate in U．K．?
睡前故事哄女朋友8．Can a police arrest people as he likes?
9．What areopen prisons?
10．When wm a person be nt to prison?
11．Translate the following ntences into Chine：汽车隔音
1.Laws are the rules that define people’s rights and responsibilities towards society．
2．Courts are where cas are tried．A ca may be about a criminal offence such as stealing。Or it may be a civil offence，like a dispute between two business firms．3．Crime usually means breaking the law in a rious way．When a crime has been committed，the police are mainly responsible for catching the criminal．
4．The jury ttle guilt or innocence，but the judge helps them by explaining the law．
Ⅳ．Translate the following Chine passages into English：
1．对“法”一词下一个令人满意的定义是非常困难的事。一般说来，在西方人们将“法”说成是：人们想要共同平安生活而需一致同意的规则。
2．法院是审判民事案件和刑事案件的地方。审判民事案件的法院叫民事法院；审判刑事案件的法院叫刑事法院。
3．一个犯了罪的人称之为罪犯或犯人。一旦法院裁定他有罪，他有可能被收监。
4．在审理刑事案中，陪审团的任务是裁定有罪或无罪。法官的主要任务是帮助陪审团解释有关法律。
5．西方律师靠向人们提供法律咨询和在法庭上为人们辩护谋生。
6．警察只能在犯人正在犯罪时对他逮捕。一般情况下，他必须有法院签发的逮捕证才能进行逮捕。
IV.Translate the following English passage into Chine:
Law is the ordering of activity;it spells out the roles of game.In different countries not only are the"rules"for business different,but the ways they are applied varying.Newton Minow,former ECC chairman,commented that in Germany,under law everything is prohibited except that which is permitted.In France,under the law everything is permitted except that which is prohibited.In the Soviet Union, everything is prohibited,including that which is permitted.And in Italy under the law everything is permitted,especially that which is prohibited.
