摘要：马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》作为美国文学中的一部经典著作，在语言艺术上具有其独特性，即口语化语言的运用。这种口语化语言的特征是：一、主人公叙述者的语言常常打破语法常规、与叙述者的儿童式思维契合、动词时态随意转换；二、其他人物语言多为土语方言,甚至俚语。《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》的口语化语言开创了美国小说语言的新风，对美国后世作家产生了深远的影响当代语言学家认为，语言是约定俗成的，大众的语言就是正确的语言，它并不一定要受传统语法规则的约束。与这种语言观一致，文学作品的语言，特别是小说语言的口语化便成了一个总的趋势。很多文学作品完全使用口语化的语言。马克•吐温的《哈克贝利∙费恩历险记》（以下简称《哈克》）的语言便是如此。请看下列一段引文：
You don’t know about me, without you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, but that ain’t no matter. That book was made by Mr Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly. There was things which he stretched, but mainly he told the truth. That is nothing. I never en anybody but lied, one time or another, without it was Aunt Polly, or the widow, or maybe Mary. Aunt Polly—Tom’s Aunt Polly, she is — and Mary,
and the Widow Douglas, is all told about in that book—which is mostly a true book; with some stretchers, as I said before.[1]
也里可温《哈克》语言的特征在以上引文中体现得较为充分。首先从词汇看，在这一段的一百一十来个词中，除了adventures短直发，Huckleberry，anybody，another 四个词外,其余一百余个词中绝大多数为单音节词，少数为双音节词；除了“ain’t”一词外，其余都是日常用词。从语法上看，不少语句不合语法常规，如“ain’t no matter”(用双重否定表否定)，钟灵毓秀的意思是“there was things”，“Aunt Polly . . . and Mary, and the Widow Douglas, is all told about in that book”（用动词的单数形式代替复数形式），“I never en”（现在完成时结构缺少助动词）。从句子结构上看，大部分是简单句和并列句，且以短句居多。有些句子明显采用口语化的语序，如“and he told the truth, mainly”，“Tom’s Aunt Polly,she is”等。此外还存在结构上不完整的句子，如“with some stretchers, as I said before”。
《哈克》无论是在主题思想上还是在语言艺术上都堪称马克∙ 吐温的代表作。海明威曾说：“全部现代美国文学都来自一本书，即马克•吐温的《哈克贝利∙费恩历险记》⋯⋯ 寻找小糖人这是我们所有书中最好的一本⋯⋯无论是在它之前或之后都没有任何书可以超过它。”[2] 海明威
的话道出了《哈克》在美国文学中的重要地位，而该小说之所以在美国文学中获得如此高的评介，则不仅因为小说深刻的主题，还因为它在语言艺术上的独特性。本文拟从语言层面对《哈克》的艺术特色作一分析。为了更忠实地体现出《哈克》语言的特色，本文所引例句、例段均为英语原文。
一《哈克》语言的特色之一表现在故事主人公哈克贝利的叙述语言上。作为一个没有接受过多少教育的十三、四岁的流浪少年，哈克贝利的叙述语言常常与标准英语有较大的差别，是标准英语的一种年龄变体，具体体现在它对语法常规的打破上。归纳起来，主要有以下几种情况：
（一）用“名词＋人称代词”作主语，其中名词与人称代词的所指相同。如：
1. Well, Judge Thatcher, he took it and put it out at interest, and it fetched us a dollar a day apiece, all the year round. (p. 49)
2. But Tom Sawyer, he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers. (p. 49)
3. The widow she cried over me, and called me a poor lost lamb, and she called me a lot of other names, too. (p. 49)
4. Miss Watson she kept pecking at me, and it got tiresome and lonesome. (p. 49)
（二）用双重否定表示否定。如：
1. She put me in them new clothes again, and I couldn’t do nothing but sweat and sweat, and feel all cramped up. (p. 49)
2. Then I t down in a chair by the window and tried to think of something cheerful, but it warn’t no u. (p. 51)
3. Well, I couldn’t e no advantage in going where she was going, so I made up my mind I wouldn’t try for it. (p. 51)
4. He got so he wouldn’t hardly notice the other niggers. (p. 54)
5. We hadn’t robbed nobody, we hadn’t killed any people. (p.
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（三）形容词用作副词，修饰动词或形容词。如：
1. But it was rough living in the hou all the time,
considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways. (p. 49)
2. And the leaves rustled in the woods ever so mournful. (p. 51)
3. Whenever I got uncommon tired, I played hookey. (p. 65)
4. Pretty soon he was all flagged out, and fell down panting; then he rolled over and over, wonderful fast. (p. 80)
5. I could hear the owls and the wolves, away off in the woods, and it emed terrible still. (p. 80)
6. But it was awful funny. (p. 214)
7. I was awful sorry, and so was Jim, and was awful glad when we e you coming. (p. 274)
8. So Tom he thanked them very hearty and handsome. (p. 298)
9. Then we got allycumpain and robbed on the places, and was near all right again, but couldn’t t down convenient. (p. 338)9月28日
10. And at last he nudged us, and we slid out, and stooped down, not breathing, and not making the least noi, and slipped stealthy towards the fence. (p. 347)
11. They cusd him considerable. (p. 360)
12. But he was sleeping, and sleeping very peaceful, too. (p. 362)
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13. And by and by he stirs a bit, and opened his eyes very natural. (p. 362)
（四）用动词“be”的单数形式代替其复数形式。如：
中国人民宪法1. They talked it over, and they was going to rule me out. (p. 56)
2. I judged I could e that there was two Providences. (p. 61)
3. There is ways to keep off some kinds of bad luck. (p. 65)
4. Niggers is always talking about witches in the dark by the kitchen fire. (p. 127)
5. All the streets and lanes was just mud. (p. 202)
