Chine philosophy

The majority of traditional Chine philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States eras, during a period known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought",[1] which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments.[1] Although much of Chine philosophy begins in the Warring States period, elements of Chine philosophy have existed for veral thousand years; some can be found in the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes), an ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672 BCE.[2] It was during the Warring States era that the major philosophies of China, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, and Daoism, aro, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Chine Naturalism, and the Logicians.

Following the Qin Dynasty, Confucianism became the dominant philosophical school of China.[3] The largest philosophical rivals to Confucianism were Legalism and Mohism before the Han dynasty. Legalism as a coherent philosophy disappeared largely due to its relationship with the unpopular authoritarian rule of Qin Shi Huang工作名言, however, many of its ideas and institutions would continue to influence Chine philosophy until the end of Imp

erial rule during the Xinhai Revolution. Mohism though popular at first due to its emphasis on brotherly love versus harsh Qin Legalism, fell out of favour during the Han Dynasty due to the efforts of Confucians in establishing their views as political orthodoxy. The 对对子大全Six Dynasties era saw the ri of the Xuanxue philosophical school and the maturation of Chine Buddhism, which had entered China from India during the Late Han Dynasties. By the time of the Tang Dynasty five-hundred years after Buddhism's arrival into China, it had transformed into a thoroughly Chine religious philosophy dominated by the school of Zen Buddhism. Neo-Confucianism became highly popular during the Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty due in large part to the eventual combination of Confucian and Zen Philosophy.

Confucianism reprents the collected teachings of the Chine sage Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479 BCE. His philosophy concerns the fields of ethics and politics, emphasizing personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, traditionalism, and sincerity. The Analects stress the importance of ritual, but also the importance of 'ren', which looly translates as 'human-heartedness,[4] Confucianism,

along with Legalism, is responsible for creating the world’s first meritocracy, which holds that one's status should be determined by education and character rather than ancestry, wealth, or friendship.[5] Confucianism was and continues to be a major influence in Chine culture, the state of China and the surrounding areas of Southeast Asia.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, Chine philosophy integrated concepts from Western philosophy. Anti-Qing Dynasty revolutionaries, involved in the Xinhai Revolution, saw Western philosophy as an alternative to traditional philosophical schools; students in the May Fourth Movement called for completely abolishing the old imperial institutions and practices of China. During this era, Chine scholars attempted to incorporate Western philosophical ideologies such as democracy, Marxism, socialism, liberalism, republicanism, and nationalism into Chine philosophy. The most notable examples are Sun Yat-Sen's Three Principles of the People ideology and Mao Zedong's Maoism, a variant of Marxism–Leninism.[6] In the modern People's Republic of China, the official ideology is Deng Xiaoping's "market economy socialism".

Although the People's Republic of China has been historically hostile to the philosophy of ancient China, the influences of past are still deeply ingrained in the Chine culture. In the post-Chine economic reform era, modern Chine philosophy has reappeared in forms such as the 环境保护New Confucianism. As in Japan, philosophy in China has become a melting pot of ideas. It accepts new concepts, while attempting also to accord old beliefs their due. Chine philosophy still carries profound influence amongst the people of East Asia, and even Southeast Asia.

Ancient philosophy [edit]

History [edit]

Early beliefs [edit]

Early Shang Dynasty thought was bad upon cyclicity. This notion stems from what the people of the Shang Dynasty could obrve around them: day and night cycled, the asons progresd again and again, and even the moon waxed and waned until it waxed again. Thus, this notion, which remained relevant throughout Chine history, reflects the order of nature. In juxtaposition, it also marks a fundamental distinction from western philosophy, in which the dominant view of time is a linear progression. During the Shang, fate could be manipulated by great deities, commonly translated as gods. Ancestor worship was prent and universally recognized. There was also human and animal sacrifice.

When the Shang were overthrown by the Zhou, a new political, religious and philosophica

l concept was introduced called the "Mandate of Heaven". This mandate was said to be taken when rulers became unworthy of their position and provided a shrewd justification for Zhou rule. During this period, archaeological evidence points to an increa in literacy and a partial shift away from the faith placed in Shangdi (the Supreme Being in traditional Chine religion), with ancestor worship becoming commonplace and a more worldly orientation coming to the fore.